
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Previous Studies of Social Mobility in Spain Previous Studies of Social Mobility in Spain
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Social Fluidity Social Fluidity
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Educational Equalization Educational Equalization
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Class Returns to Education Class Returns to Education
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The Direct Effect of Social Origins on Destinations (DESO) The Direct Effect of Social Origins on Destinations (DESO)
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The Compositional Effect of Education The Compositional Effect of Education
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Data and Variables Data and Variables
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Data and Analytical Sample Data and Analytical Sample
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Variables Variables
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Education Education
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Social Class Social Class
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The Spanish Context The Spanish Context
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Welfare State and Income Inequality Welfare State and Income Inequality
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Economic Development Economic Development
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Class Structure Class Structure
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Educational Systems Educational Systems
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Educational Expansion Educational Expansion
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Social Mobility Change: Descriptive Analysis Social Mobility Change: Descriptive Analysis
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Outflow Rates Outflow Rates
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Absolute Mobility Absolute Mobility
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Change Over Birth Cohorts in Social Fluidity Change Over Birth Cohorts in Social Fluidity
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Gross OD Association Gross OD Association
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The Role of Education The Role of Education
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The Compositional Effect of Education (OED) The Compositional Effect of Education (OED)
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Four-Way Models and the Direct Effect of Social Origins Four-Way Models and the Direct Effect of Social Origins
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Counterfactual Simulations Results Counterfactual Simulations Results
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Notes Notes
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Ten Intergenerational Social Mobility in Twentieth-Century Spain: Social Fluidity without Educational Equalization?
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Published:February 2020
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Abstract
This chapter studies long-term trends in intergenerational class mobility in Spain across the twentieth century drawing from a large pooled dataset (n = 81,475). From the 1960s, Spain underwent a late but intense economic, cultural, and political modernization process. During this period of far-reaching institutional change, men and women experienced a significant increase in upward mobility rates and social fluidity: steady and substantial for women, more modest for men. We disentangle different pathways driving this change in social fluidity using counterfactual simulations. The main drivers of the observed equalization of opportunities were the educational expansion and the direct effect of social origins. We argue that women were particularly benefited from dramatic structural changes in labor force participation, occupational upgrading, and educational expansion in which more room at the top allowed disadvantaged social classes to depart from their origins.
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