... tegmenti pontis SVN = superior vestibular nucleus UBN = upbeat nystagmus VOR = vestibulo-ocular reflex VTT = ventral tegmental tract Vertical nystagmus may be either upbeating or downbeating. When present in the straight-ahead position of gaze (i.e. the primary position) it is referred to as ‘upbeat...

... velocity storage vestibular resting rate downbeat nystagmus upbeat nystagmus Fig. 2.1 Basic excitatory reflex arc from the left horizontal semicircular canal to the right lateral rectus muscle (three neurons) and to left medial rectus muscle (four neurons) when the head rotates to the left. The eyes...

...Oxford University Press Upbeat nystagmus is a less common type of central vestibular nystagmus that is often transient. It is a vertical jerk-waveform nystagmus with downward slow phases and upward quick phases. In this chapter, we begin by reviewing the clinical features of upbeat nystagmus. Since...

... rate Alexander’s law Ewald’s laws upbeat nystagmus downbeat nystagmus push-pull semicircular canals otoliths tilt translation multi-axis rotation translation ‘diagnostic privilege’ of neuro otology Ewald’s laws eye movement head movement Listing’s law physiology vestibular system...