... properties of atomic nuclei are considered: the valley of stability, the nuclear potential, the pairing of nucleons and the strong force. The semi-empirical liquid drop model is presented as a description of relatively large atomic nuclei. The nuclear shell model is described, along with its relationship...

... top quarks up quarks color quark neutrality chromatic field generic vacuum atoms electromagnetic force equilibrium fundamental forces interactions gravitational force gravity molecules potential energy strong force Suppose that matter were suddenly to lose the ability to interact, its...

... tested at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Since the 1930s, physicists have used particle accelerators to investigate the structure of matter. Three forces are important in particle interactions, the strong force, the weak force and the electromagnetic force. The weak and electromagnetic forces are now...

.... Electromagnetism unifies electric and magnetic phenomena into a simple theory. This chapter recounts the discovery of the weak force through beta radioactivity, the neutrino, and Fermi's theory. It presents the story of the discovery of the strong force that binds together protons and neutrons inside the atomic...