.... Gradient Estimators Hessian Estimators Statistical Properties of Gradient/Hessian Estimators Since Newton’s time, people have been using finite difference principles to estimate derivatives. This classic problem has recently revived, as tasks of stochastic derivative estimation in high dimension become...

..., it is better to compare more models from more aspects of the network topology. Furthermore, as the models studied previously have significantly different performances on the used statistical properties, one can tell which model performs better directly by observing the computational results. With the increase...

... approximation that is very successful and has good statistical properties in its own right ( Lee and Young 1999 ). For simplicity, CIs of a known size have been derived from the empirical likelihood surface by assuming that the asymptotic χ² calibration is correct. Although the error using...

.... , 1977 . Linear Regression Analysis , Wiley , New York. Thomson R. Clark R. M. , 1981 . Fitting polar wander paths , Phys. Earth planet. Inter. 27 , 1 – 7 . linear approximation Marquardt's algorithm polar wander path small circle fitting statistical properties Summary...

... Representation of statistical properties, published in Vision Research and written in collaboration with Sang Chul Chong. Treisman and Chong report the results of their experiments on perceptual representation of statistical properties by determining the psychological mean of two sizes...

... interactions. The following chapters treat the operators and states required, the rules for manipulating these, and the techniques commonly employed for calculating their statistical properties. A chapter is devoted to the important topic of dissipative processes and to the effects that these have on quantum...

..., value, or quality). The chapter outlines how systematic environment imbalance can be quantified using the framework of power laws. It investigates to what extent power-law characteristics and other statistical properties of real-world environments can be allies of two simple estimation heuristics...

... and examines how two modes of attention can be empirically dissociated. It summarizes the results of some recent studies that looked into statistical properties, rapid scene categorization, and gist perception, and suggests how Treisman's idea of distributed attention may play a role. It considers how...

.... The statistical properties of diffracted intensities of incommensurately modulated crystals closely follow the statistical properties of Bragg intensities of periodic crystals. absorption Bragg reflection Compton scattering diffraction diffuse scattering fluorescence incoherent scattering Lorentz factor...