...Fernando Benadon © 2009 by the Society for Music Theory, Inc. 2009 FERNANDO BENADON is Assistant Professor of Music at American University. jazz rhythm microtiming improvisation transformation rubato Louis Armstrong Bubber Miley Abstract Expressive timing can be viewed...

... Helps Robert Performance Worms performer’s body and rhythm rhythm Trois nouvelle études Chopin virtuosity Widmer Gerhard expressive timing in performance Mathias Georges Mikuli Karol rubato tempo rubato Berger Anna Maria Busse Caplin William E Cook Nicholas Cooper Grosvenor W Epstein...

... considers types of tempo modification: tempo rubato over a steady beat, and changes to the underlying pulse. It also deals with composers’ attempts to specify modification with signs, including and . It traces how modification that was deemed by many as extreme gained theoretical validity...

.... In my opinion, what is usually called the Art of Performance, consists in understanding and utilizing these necessary deviations, these various kinds of rubato, which are of course only to be read between the lines. 8 Prominent composers and performers echoed these remarks. Carl Reinecke observed...

... Thayer Alexander Wheelock Weber Carl Maria von Henschel George Fermata Sistine Chapel Cappella Sistina Brahms Ein deutsches Requiem Clara Schumann Arthur Schopenhauer Karl Reinthaler cell motifs mirror structures tempo rubato What we have heard today is a great and beautiful work, deep...

... is explained from the eighteenth-century viewpoint. Interpretive period perspective regarding tempo flexibility (including rhetorical rests, fermata, accelerando, ritardando, and rubato) is discussed. Philosophical differences between period understanding and modern...

... that must be played three times consecutively: the first time in a casual manner, second with plenty of rubato, and third with fury. It also mentions how Poulenc described Mouvements perpétuels as no more than three simple little touches of colour on a ground of white paper. Cocteau Jean Cortot Alfred...

...This chapter explores the practice of metrical rubato - the rhythmic alteration of melody notes while essentially preserving the metrical regularity of the accompaniment – as well as other forms of rhythmic alteration including dotting, over-dotting, tripletising, and notes inégales. It provides...

...This chapter explores the practice of tempo modification (also known as tempo rubato or rubato) - changing the tempo to enhance the ebb and flow of a musical phrase. As a means of appreciating the change in trends regarding tempo modification between c.1900 and the present, the tempo data (the rate...

... in the previous chapter, to include the construction of musical time, and beat, the idea of tempo fluctuation or rubato, and borrowed time involving the nonalignment of different musical strands. The emphasis placed on the use of timing in the Rhetorical style is justified by the resistance ingrained in so many...

... “Así cantan dos copleros ” contrapunteo llanero improvisation MIDI Monk Thelonious tuplets Vasquez Gustavo Vigoth Aries accentuation four onset rhythms four onset space elevator metaphor permutation Bach J S Casals Pablo rubato “All the Things You Are ” Hammerstein Oscar II Kern...

...The conclusion rounds up the discussion provided in Chapters 2-5. Dislocation, arpeggiation, metrical rubato and various forms of rhythmic alteration, as well as tempo modification were indispensable performing practices in piano playing around the turn of the twentieth century. Recorded examples...

... and Mirella Freni, opera singing, the rising power of the composer and reverence for the score, vocal writing, articulation in Baroque singing, portamento, the use of non-vibrato by opera singers, and vibrato and rubato in Italian Baroque singing. Crutchfield Will “Early music” Baroque singing style Norman...

... chapters all describe physical interventions for counteracting challenges of small-handedness, Chapter 7 seeks answers by looking first to musical solutions, addressing issues including legato, fortissimo playing, pedaling, rhythmic inflection, tempo modification, rubato, voicing, and gestural shaping...

... for appreciating lost traditions. Chapter 1 explores the early recording processes and the value of the preserved evidence. Chapter 2 to 5 investigate dislocation (playing one hand after the other), unnotated chordal arpeggiation, metrical rubato and various types of rhythmic alteration, and tempo modification...

... obsessive rhythms such as accents, syncopations, and off-beat rhythms. His writings on music, alluding to the language of the solitary body, emphasise erections and back-and-forth movements. He frequently over-interprets the performative indications on musical scores, such as the rubato or fingering...

...); and secondly, modification by means of redistributing note values within a fundamentally constant tempo. The second type of tempo modification, often referred to by theorists as tempo rubato, was a pervasive element in Classical and Romantic performance; this is illustrated from the writings...

... and the cello, the style of Baroque cello playing, the use of rubato, vibrato and portamento, and the difference between French and Italian string-playing. Casals Pablo Du Pre Jacqueline Furtwangler Wilhelm Keller Hans Ma Yo Yo Mutter Anne Sophie Sibelius Jan Szell George Szigeti Josef Youngren William...