... the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and regional economic communities (RECs) as a prelude to understanding the relationship that has evolved between the African Union (AU) and the RECs. Section 2 discusses how the AU has conceptualized human security. Section 3 examines the operation of APSA, focusing...

... with an overview of regional economic integration in Africa before turning to regional economic communities (RECs) in North Africa, Eastern and Southern Africa, West Africa, and Central Africa. It then considers human rights in RECs, with particular emphasis on the judicialisation of human rights in RECs and its...

... with VAT are grouped by the particular regional economic community (REC) of which they are members. Salient features pertaining to the year of introduction, the predecessor sales tax, the range of non-standard exemptions, the rate structures, and the coverage of the excises on luxury goods and services...

... Council, and the Union's cooperation with Regional Economic Communities. Finally, it examines the legality of regional implementation of RtoP under international law. The emergence of RtoP as an international norm in 2005, five years after the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs...

... preferential market access schemes New Zealand Baliamoune Lutz M Busse M Dimov R domestic producers Ghana Mahabir A Mullings R Multi Fibre Agreement 2005 Collier P Economic Partnership Agreement EPA AGOA EBA China Trading Relations Preferential market access Regional economic Communities...

... that is equalizing. (Lustig, 2017) List of Figures 4.1 Africa: regional economic communities, 2018 6.1 Africa: C-efficiencies, 2015 6.2 Regional C-efficiencies in the world, 2014 11.1 EU VAT treatment of supplies by public bodies 14.1 Explaining the treatment of property and casualty insurance under the VAT 42...

... heritage. Several countries have multiple official languages, but for present purposes it is only necessary to indicate languages that were introduced to a country by colonization. Regional economic community membership is not indicated in the table because of their multiplicity and the overlapping...

... stages of development of competition laws and authorities across Africa. It identifies the role of AU institutions and law in harmonizing competition principles across overlapping memberships of the different Regional Economic Communities, as well as the diversity among the domestic competition...

... active. In Africa, the establishment of the African Peace and Security 697 Architecture (APSA) including a large variety of Regional Economic Communities (RECs) has contributed significantly to international peacekeeping efforts. ³ African-led and initiated missions are now part and parcel...

..., all rights are reserved. This chapter reviews integration among the eight African Regional Economic Communities by comparing their characteristics and progress with three other South-South Regional Integration Arrangements. Three conclusions emerge: (i) slow progress towards meeting overly ambitious...

... in the presence and absence of border controls. All African countries belong to a regional economic community (REC), and often to more than one. The countries are closely monitoring the remarkable combination of free politics and free economics achieved by the common market (now the single market) of the member...

... legacy and achieve greater unity, initially through the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity in 1963 and subsequently through the establishment of regional economic communities and the African Union. The chapter also stresses the vibrancy of intra-African trade in precolonial times...

...) Court of Justice, and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Court of Justice. They all came into being in the last twenty years or so. They were established under the treaties creating the five regional economic communities (RECs). Each regional economic community has, as a result...