... constraints extra-institutional environment masculinism positional power When the focus shifts from reproductive rights and women's health to the more general area of health care policy, the meaning of substantive representation of women becomes even more contested and uncrystallized, as the politics...

... New Institutionalism descriptive representation positional power women’s movement Across each of the three waves virtually all women members interviewed regardless of party expressed (implicitly or explicitly) a sense of responsibility to women in the mass public (Table 4.1 ). Although sometimes...

... is important for ensuring substantive representation of women, they also suggest that other factors play a critical role in giving meaning to women’s presence. These include the political environment of Congress, the ideological perspective of those who hold positional power, and the extra-institutional...

... is limited without positional power, and that mobilized women voters who pose a gender gap threat can provide legitimacy for difference within institutions steeped in masculine values. reproductive rights Center for American Women and Politics CAWP Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues CCWI Freedom...

... Ban extra-institutional environment descriptive representation substantive representation family planning programs institutional constraints legitimacy gender gap diversity positional power The 104th Congress gave reproductive rights supporters many losses: banning abortion coverage...

... Dianne Johnson Eddie Bernice Moseley‐Braun Carol Murray Patty breast cancer women’s health diversity descriptive representation substantive representation extra-institutional environment institutional environment masculinism gendered consequences positional power Women's health policy, like...

... Schumer Charles Slaughter Louise Snowe Olympia health insurance reform descriptive representation substantive representation partisanship extra-institutional environment institutional environment gender gap feminist protest masculinism positional power The 104th brought a dramatically...