... array of non-state actors (NSAs) ¹ has been observed across issue areas. ² That said, NSA participation in global governance remains contentious. While some scholars commend its democratic potential and contribution to tackling global challenges, others note its perverse effects...

... address the very different natures and capacities of armed groups. Moreover, it discusses how the conclusions drawn in this book might be relevant in the analysis of possible legal obligations of other non-state actors. Lack of clarity on how contemporary IHL, IHRL, and ICL regulate today’s reality...

...This chapter urges a rethinking of non-state actors’ role and impact on the world stage. By creating organizational progeny, even relatively constrained international bureaucrats have a significant impact. This suggests that less-constrained non-state actors—such as multinational corporations...

... from external entities to tilt this balance in favor of humanitarian considerations and to reshape what are considered legitimate actions on complex battlefields. Simultaneously, States have confronted non-State actors that intentionally seek to flout international law and use it to undermine States...

... cluster approach European Union EU failed states international organizations IOs non state actors NSAs United Nations Security Council UNSC Cartagena Declaration International Organisation for Migration IOM Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights OHCHR United Nations Charter United...

..., and the multi-target Red October operation discovered in 2012, in an effort to understand the motivations, course, and impact of cyber operations by non-state actors. A telling aspect of the cyber domain is the fact that not many people are aware of the actual threats posed by these cyber...

... Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions Armed attack Customary international law Prisoner of War POW World War II Immunities Military Military objective Self determination War human rights ius ad bellum humanitarian law terrorism extraterritorial armed group non-state actor Recent...

... companies Technology champions, major telecommunications companies Privateers Patriotic hackers, private contractors to companies, some security vendors   Some cybercriminal elements Non-state actors Pirates Independent hackers, cybercriminal elements (incl. organized crime...

... important actors in protection. At the level of IHL development, however, the ICRC ascribes importance only to states. UNHCR focuses primarily on the civilian agencies of the state, and for the most part does not give any serious consideration to armed non-state actors. Both organizations pay some attention...

...The Oxford Handbook of Nuclear Security provides a comprehensive examination of efforts to secure sensitive nuclear assets and mitigate the risk of nuclear terrorism and other non-state actor threats. It aims to provide the reader with a holistic understanding of nuclear security...

... and counter-piracy may be emblematic of some of international law’s current preoccupations: embodying both the potency of the asymmetrical non-state actor in challenging the established international order and also the ‘new normal’ of relatively informal, transnational coordination of state responses...

...Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits the use of force between States. In so doing, it addresses itself to a strictly interstate context and does not speak to the phenomenon of uses of force by non-state actors (NSAs). The question examined in this chapter is whether...

... but unacknowledged international armed conflict (IAC) in eastern Ukraine between Ukraine and Russia. Second, there is also fighting sufficiently intense and involving sufficiently organized non-State actors to be considered a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) between the Ukrainian State and rebel forces...

... George W administration Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN defining international order legitimacy effectiveness partial orders international regimes collective sanctions state actor non-state actor order and violence civilizing international relations The origins of the postwar...

..., or the possibility of allying with fellow non-state actors against states. This generates Predictions 1 and 2: international bureaucrats’ own insulation and alliances aid them in entering design negotiations and setting the design agenda to which states react. capabilities of states environment natural...

.... Transnational practices by non-state actors such as multinational corporations and migrants are given special attention since foreign investment and remittances have played a major role in keeping afloat the Cuban economy in the post-cold war era. Migration from Cuba to Europe Transnationalism actors Economic...

...The final chapter is devoted to armed non-state actors (ANSAS). How, and to what extent, international law formally binds these actors is still debated. While it is largely uncontested that IHL imposes certain obligations on ANSAs, application of other bodies of international law—particularly human...

... of self-defence, includes attacks by non-state actors. The chapter also analyses the impact on this issue caused by the potential links between the non-state actor and the state in which the group is located. High seas International relations Self defence Sovereignty State Territorial state United...

... Pierre Lisbon Treaty Council of the EU democracy civil servants EEAS European Commission EC European Council President coherence consistency Protocol No 7 to the EU Treaties right of legation non-state actor diplomacy diplomatic law Union delegation EUDEL VCDR Public international law...

...This chapter focuses on the emotional dynamics of nongovernmental organizations’ (NGOs’) behavior and influence in international politics. Emotions appear frequently in foundational work on the role of civil society non-state actors, especially NGOs, in international relations (IR), yet...