... spectrum from [ 32 ], along with comparisons to the quenched lattice calculation of [ 30 ] and to experimental isosinglet mesons. The effects of quenching seem to be small, and the quenched and unquenched predicted masses for the lightest glueballs are close to each other. Figure 1. (a) The mass spectrum...

... of light meson decays are important tools to perform precision tests of the effective field theories, determine transition form factors and test fundamental symmetries. With very high statistics data samples, the Beijing Spectrometer III (BESIII) experiment provides a unique laboratory for light meson...

...2023 This chapter tackles the concept of quarks beyond those found in the familiar protons, neutrons, and pions. A strange baryon consists of three quarks at least one of which is a strange quark, while a strange meson contains either a strange quark or a strange antiquark. The properties...

...I explore and develop the idea, due to Peter Unger, that knowledge is non-accidentally true belief. Non-accidental truth is different from the absence of epistemic luck, as discussed by Pritchard. The original analysis faces two counterexamples, the Meson Case and the Light Switch Case. The former...

..., with energies measured in multiples of electron volts (eV). Particles (leptons and quarks) are introduced, with hadrons as composite particles of q q ˉ (meson) or qqq (baryon) states. The fundamental forces of the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions are introduced, followed...

...K meson    spin- 1 2   photon | K 0 ⟩    | ↑ ⟩ z   | V ⟩ | K ¯ 0 ⟩    | ↓ ⟩ z   | H ⟩ | K S ⟩    | → ⟩ y   | L ⟩ = 1 2...

...–Nakagawa–Sakata (PMNS) mixing matrix. It then turns to the quark sector, stressing similarities and differences with leptons, especially in meson oscillations. The complex phase of the quark mixing matrix (CKM) and the evidence for CP violation are covered. Finally, the chapter looks at the failures...

...). The chapter also describes the experiment that discovered the first baryon heavier than the neutron: the δ(1232). The chapter then generalizes the flavor symmetry to three quarks classifying meson and baryons. It goes beyond quark models qualitatively introducing lattice-QCD, the modern technique to deal...

...–antimatter imbalance in our universe. It describes the historical discovery of mesons and quantum-mechanical oscillations between particle and antiparticle (i.e., particle–antiparticle oscillations) in the neutral K meson and heavier meson systems. It introduces quarks and quark flavor. The chapter relates...

... with mu mesons. Mean reaction times are indicated for each process. After Atzeni, S. and Meyer-Ter-Vehn, J. (2004) Fig. 1.7 Fig. 6.7 Essential elements of simplified Tokamak reactor, top view. A toroidal vacuum chamber is filled with Deuterium and Tritium gas at about 10²⁰/m³...

...This chapter discusses the general phenomenology of flavoured neutral mesons, in the decays of which CP symmetry violation have been observed. Topics covered include flavoured neutral meson mixing, flavoured neutral meson decays, time evolution in flavour eigenstates, asymmetries...

... in meson systems over the past half-century, including the surprising discovery of CP violation and its subsequent study. Flavour oscillations and regeneration are described for the kaon system, which is used to formulate the mathematical description of the combined mixing and decay...

... flavour structure of the standard model. Then it introduces the effective Hamiltonian for quark weak decays. Following on, it then considers the effective Hamiltonian for ?F=2 transitions in the standard model and beyond. It discusses how meson–anti–meson mixing and CP violation can be described in terms...

...Table 22.1 Some meson descriptions according to the required symmetries from ( Brown, Puff and Wilets, 1970 ). Please note the artificial construction of the σ − ω model neglecting real mesons. Ω i i meson m[MeV] spin^parity isospin charge conj...

... systems of c and b quarks. It then describes the structure of the lightest mesons and baryons as bound states of u, d, and s quarks. π meson hadron neutron proton quark Yukawa potential Bolivia bubble chamber Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory muon μ J ψ e e− annihilation Brookhaven National...

..., a particle that has zero mass as the result of spontaneous symmetry breaking, and explains how this concept explains properties of the pi and K mesons and allows us to determine the underlying values of the quark masses. I will explain how this value is determined in Section 15.3 . Despite the name...

...fig. 34.1. The cascade decay B d 0 → J / ψK → J / ψ ( π + π − ) K . In this chapter we discuss decay chains with a neutral-meson system in an intermediate state. These are known as cascade decays. We want to study cases where the decays of B...