...This chapter treats metaphor as a form of linguistic expression rather than as a form of conceptual representation. Metaphor as a form of substitution is critically analyzed and found wanting. Three other traditionally held assumptions are also critically examined: (1) literal meaning is basic...

... Kaplan David naturalism Wittgenstein scepticism possible worlds pain vocabulary linguistic expression of pain report of pain linguistic evolution I have long felt that graduate education in philosophy, when successful, produces in its beneficiaries a strong antipathy, almost an allergic reaction...

...This chapter turns to the encoding of the distinctions made at the Interpersonal and Representational Levels in morphosyntactic form. The layered structure distinguishes Clause, Phrase, Word and Morpheme as composing the Linguistic Expression. Hierarchical and equipollent relations in formulation...

...By an ‘imperative’ Kant understands the linguistic expression of a ‘command’. ‘The conception of an objective principle, so far as it constrains a will, is a command (of reason), and the formula of this command is called an imperative. All imperatives are expressed by an “ought...

... is to stop, and a green that he is to proceed. By spoken or written words: the linguistic expression of a norm can appear grammatically in different forms. The norm can, though need not, be expressed in a sentence, that is, in a linguistic form made up of a subject and a verb. The grammatically appropriate...

... syllogism presumptions in law theoretical syllogism thinking and willing human behaviour intention act of thought act of will linguistic expression Thinking and willing are indeed two different functions, but they can be connected. This is possible in different ways. One can make a statement...

...This chapter shows that contrary to the prevalent view, in his De Interpretatione 8, Aristotle is concerned with homonymy; more precisely, with homonymy of linguistic expressions as it may occur in dialectical argument. The first part argues that in Soph. el...

... when, to quiet reflection, we add linguistic expression, then a second person with whom to converse, then a third person, and finally more people still. The second half of the chapter asks, How do people collaboratively tell stories, and particularly stories about the future? It draws on existing...

...This article provides an introduction to co-compositionality in grammar. Co-compositionality is a semantic property of a linguistic expression in which all constituents contribute functionally to the meaning of the entire expression. The notion of co-compositionality is a characterization of how...

...This article analyzes instances of optional movement and how optionality can be motivated in a minimalist context. The discussion involves the notion of interpretation and the systems external to narrow syntax that further manipulate linguistic expressions. It takes up quantifier raising...

...The term ‘meaning holism’ (together with variants like ‘semantic holism’ and ‘linguistic holism’) has been used for a number of more or less closely interrelated ideas. According to one common view, meaning holism (MH) is the thesis that what a linguistic expression means depends on its relations...

...Metaphor has traditionally been construed as a linguistic phenomenon: as something produced and understood by speakers of natural language. So understood, metaphors are naturally viewed as linguistic expressions of a particular type, or as linguistic expressions used in a particular type of way...

...From the logical point of view, the decisive factor in distinguishing norms from statements about norms is the difference between a norm, whatever its linguistic expression may be, e.g. imperative sentence or sollen-sentence — i.e. a norm as the signification...

... (or norm). The assertion Sigwart claims is contained in the imperative is the assertion of the existence of an act of will whose meaning is the imperative (or norm). theory of assertion imperative act of thought act of will linguistic expression norms Christoph Sigwart makes a similar claim...