...This chapter focuses on the creation of independent Black educational institutions as another articulation and enactment of a Black self-determinist politics of Black achievement. This chapter specifically focuses on the Institute of Positive Education (IPE), an independent Black institution...

.... They demonstrated the centrality of black nationalism and Pan Africanism to African-American educational struggles and to grassroots organizing during and after the heyday of Black Power. An array of activist-intellectuals saw the schools, known as “independent black institutions,” as alternatives to substandard...

...This chapter outlines the history of the quest for Pan African nationalist schools, a submovement of the Black Power era. It argues that the schools, known as “independent black institutions,” represented key programmatic expressions of Black Power. The growth of the schools signaled a shift from...