... with terrestrial colonizations by other groups of plants and animals. convergent evolution Gastropoda incumbency terrestrialization Evolutionary transitions between life in water and life on land are infrequent. The contrasting density, viscosity and chemical composition of water and air ( Denny, 1993 ) mean...

... foundations in Section 4 . We turn to data in Section 5 . Abstract Cartels participating in procurement auctions frequently use bid rotation or prioritize incumbents to allocate contracts. However, establishing a link between observed allocation patterns and firm conduct has been difficult: there are cost...

... Jump dispersal Vicariance Jump dispersal/Mixed Table 3 Proportion of simulated values of d greater than or equal to the empirical value. Large values indicate that immigrants and incumbents are more similar to each other than random members of their respective clades. Significant...

...Satyajit Chatterjee; Burcu Eyigungor Third, we show that the magnitude of the incumbency disadvantage effect estimated for U.S. data can arise in a quantitative version of the model for a range of parameter values. Furthermore, the degree of policy inertia required to account for observed...

... incumbency national effects triangular diagrams turn-out voting REFERENCES Aitchison , J. ( 1986 ) The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data . London : Chapman and Hall . Bertin , J. ( 1983 ) Semiology of Graphics . Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press . Butler...

... ). The latter, by supporting stability rather than institutional change ( Kenny, 2013 ), work to maintain the political power of the incumbent group. Informal rules and practices are gendered and racialised: they produce and reproduce existing power relations between privileged and underprivileged groups...

... environment. We show, however, that transitions among terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments are infrequent in all major plant and animal clades except tetrapod vertebrates. In general, well-adapted incumbents are at a competitive advantage over would-be invaders from a physically different habitat...

... of a more stable bi-polar contest in Indian elections. While the first phase of the post-Congress polity during the 1990s saw the defeat of the incumbent parties in election after election, the next phase which this chapter examines is marked by a fair chance for the incumbent party to retain political...

... Assembly elections Scheduled Tribe ST tribal voters Mankotia Vijay Singh corruption factionalism good governance post poll survey two party system Madan Lal Himachal Congress BJP Virbhadra Dhumal Pro-Incumbency bipolar factionalism The result of the 2009 Lok Sabha elections...

... is vacated. Most candidates time these vacancies and plan a run for office when a seat opens. This has created a new kind of incumbency advantage. Incumbents face little to no serious opposition and remain the beneficiaries of campaign fundraising. Competition electoral Elections Fundraising...

... EpiPen “media legacies ” Russert Luke Gilded Age privilege oligarchies Lobbying “So Damn Much Money” Revolving Doors K Street Incumbency Wall Street Nepotism Is the permanent political class in Washington, D.C., corrupt? Are most members of Congress corrupted by campaign contributions as well...

...As announced in chapter 4, three cabinet members, the governor, and the lieutenant governor were in office and about to seek reelection when Andrew struck. In the wake of the hurricane, incumbent campaigns adjusted for the continuing recovery efforts in South Dade. The significant responses...

... Valen H incumbency popularity quasi incumbency advantage takeover prime ministers Blais A Bochsler D Cordero G Ecker A Schleiter P Tavits M anti incumbency corruption economic prosperity misconduct non partisanship opportunism re election Blumenau J Bovan K B Healy A J Heersink B...

...This chapter introduces a comparative theory of dynastic candidate selection based on a framework of supply and demand within the institutional contexts of electoral systems and candidate selection methods. On the supply side, incumbents who serve longer terms in office, and who are themselves part...

... are consistent with previous studies: what matters most is how well the candidate is known, and therefore it is incumbency that is the main factor, not the sex of the candidate. Electoral Amendment Political Funding Act 2012 gender quotas state funding of parties candidate nomination campaigns and the vote...

... energy efficient products brand positioning Business Verticals incumbency factors To understand the business strategies in the Indian consumer durables, ‘white goods’ markets. To understand localized businesses and their ‘customization’ in the Indian market. To be able to apply BCG matrix...

...This chapter concludes the book with its finding on the role of enablers in indulging post-communist elites in the UK. It summarizes the findings that the enabler effect is more important than the rival explanations of alliance and incumbency. The chapter refutes the notion that the state could...

... the period before 1984 to afterward. Before 1984 incumbents were able to build their own district-level re-election coalitions, regardless of party. After 1984 that incumbency advantage declined to very low levels. Before 1984 presidential elections were almost always either very close or very one sided...

... deficit, and the gnawing belief that the rich had benefited more from Reaganomics than had the rest. At the same time, men supported the incumbent president in greater percentages than did women. On the positive side of the ledger sheet, the country liked Reagan and recognized that by most economic...

...0 30 11 2000 If there is much laughter when one party rises to power, there are also many tears in the other that loses, and it is with laughter and tears that the first day of the new incumbency is made, as in Genesis. Let us turn to the evangelist who serves as title for this chapter...