... conditions on individual-tree mortality in the central and northern hardwoods of the eastern United States. We then postulate how this mortality might be affected by the future climate as predicted by a range of outputs from several general circulation models (GCMs). The tree data were originally collected...

... RAS 2005 Summary Recent studies based on various ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) demonstrate that the oceans are a major contributor to polar motion excitations. In this paper, we analyse and compare observed non-atmospheric polar motion excitations with oceanic angular momentum (OAM...

... of 350ppm is needed as quickly as possible. agriculture models monsoons storms and floods Amazon AOGCMs Atmosphere Ocean General Circulation Models general circulation models GCMs oceans precipitation rain vegetation greenhouse gases IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change carbon dioxide...

...2014 ‘Modelling future climate’ is about understanding the fundamental physical processes of the climate system. Modelling future climate considers the carbon cycle, cooling effects, carbon emissions, and the complex three-dimensional general circulation models that examine and further our...

...This chapter discusses the retrieval of literary works that were excluded from the literary canon of academic study and general circulation, and explores how nineteenth-century writers who were neglected in their days became reputable through the project. William Blake was an English painter...

... of information, not just in terms of manipulation of linguistic symbols. Band areas Combination bands Difference bands Equivalent width Fundamental bands General circulation models Independent lines Lambert's law Malkmus model Venn diagrams are widely used to solve problems in set theory and to test...

... been suggested that the general circulation models (GCMs) used in predicting climate change over the next hundred years could provide the basis of models to test the validity of a “hard” Gaia hypothesis. However, in their current form, GCMs are incapable of capturing regional atmospheric convection...

...2021 ‘Modelling future climate’ examines the modelling of future global climate. There is a whole hierarchy of climate models, from relatively simple box models to extremely complex three-dimensional general circulation models (GCMs). Each has a role in examining and furthering the understanding...

... component of general circulation model (GCM) simulations of long-term climate change for a variety of reasons, as detailed below. First, cirrus encompass a wide range of optical thicknesses and altitudes. At one extreme are the thin tropopause cirrus that barely affect the short-wave albedo while radiating...

... of, sentences. Aeronomical calculations Barometric law Clear atmosphere Diffusivity factor Emissivity Fermi triplets General circulation models Heating function Irradiance Kinetic temperature The contributions of C.S. Peirce to the early history of propositional and predicate logic are well known...

... Arctic oscillation AO Atlantic multi decadal oscillation AMO North Atlantic oscillation NAO oscillations Pacific decadal oscillation PDO Walker Sir Gilbert El Niño–Southern Oscillation ENSO Hurricane Mitch hurricanes La Niña Pacific Ocean effect of El Niño warm pools general circulation...

... palaeoceanography Ponte Lowell Gribben John Hansen James Schneider Stephen aerosols northern hemisphere urban heat island effect El Niño Southern Oscillation ENSO general circulation models GCMs IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change models past climates ice ages interglacial periods...

... the oceans could occur if the oceans warm up sufficiently, again accelerating global warming. abrupt climate change Antarctica and Greenland melting ice in AOGCMs Atmosphere Ocean General Circulation Models general circulation models GCMs melting ice models National Research Council NRC oceans Amazon...

... ages recognition of climate change temperature global Weart Spencer general circulation models GCMs Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC Archer Professor David Ganopolski Professor Andrey glacial cycles greenhouse gases GHGs chlorofluorocarbons CFCs fossil fuels ozone Carvalho...

.... ENIAC, dubbed the “Giant Brain,” had at most ten words of read/write memory, yet its 18,000 vacuum tubes, 6,000 switches, and the like filled an entire room. Scientists then turned to climate modeling using a general circulation model (GCM). The first GCM was developed by Norman Phillips, whose...

... of radiative-convective models in obtaining changes to the global surface and mean vertical temperature distribution due to climatic parameter changes. General circulation models are discussed with focus on the radiation transfer techniques employed. GCM climate projections based on different emission...

... an ensemble of climate models, referred to as general circulation models (GCMs), with the aim of reconciling different future projections of climate change while characterizing their uncertainty in a rigorous fashion. Posterior distributions of future temperature and/or precipitation changes at regional...

... Combination bands Difference bands Equivalent width Fundamental bands General circulation models Independent lines Lambert's law Malkmus model Radiative heating calculations in the atmosphere involve four distinguishable scales of frequency. First, there is the comparatively slow variation...

...0 15 06 1989 This chapter is concerned with the requirements of numerical weather prediction and general circulation models. These numerical models always assume a stratified atmosphere and utilize a limited number of grid points in the vertical direction. Computations are repeated at many...