... basis for the state does not necessarily restrict its ethical concerns to its own citizens. There are also important duties to outsiders. As Buchanan skilfully demonstrates, the depiction of the state as a discretionary association is plagued by incoherence. On the one hand, it justifies the state...

... Discretionary Association View partiality towards own citizens Locke John obligation political association social contract popular sovereignty Rawls John democratic authorization Kennan George F Morgenthau Hans J political realism Swiss model Hobbes Thomas moral nihilist view fiduciary realism...