... of the agonistic encounters in the cages. The lack of evidence of dominance relationships between pairs of hens in cages, other than those between a single dominant hen and its cage mates, supports the hypothesis that despotism, not a peck order, was the prevailing social organization among hens housed in high...

...This chapter discusses John Ledyard's experiences of despotism in Catherine II's Russia. For Ledyard, the habit of ordinary Russians from the lowliest serf to the most elevated aristocrat of referring to their subordinates as slaves, and to their superiors as masters, was not merely rhetorical...

...This chapter contrasts European perceptions of Mount Lebanon as a mountainous refuge indomitably holding out against an Islamic despotism with local understandings of Mount Lebanon's rural world. It explains that for the very reasons that the French traveler Nerval identified—the biblical landscape...

..., the hidden ambition of the new legislation was to sanitize extramarital sex. Butler’s speeches and pamphlets called to arms a new class of citizens concerned about growing state control over the individual, which she denounced as the “despotism of the future.” The philosophical weapons with which she waged...

... conqueror — namely, colonialism. From classical antiquity through the Age of Revolutions, political slavery was associated with Asia and Oriental despotism. This helps explain why eighteenth-century writers ubiquitously associated slavery with India even while they denied that actual chattel slavery...

...2010 The greatest danger to democracy, according to Tocqueville, comes out of the very nature of democracy. His later analysis of American democracy identifies the replacement of the sovereignty of the people with the tyranny of mild despotism, that is big government, as a great danger...

...2000 ‘Why Despots Don't Belong in Politics’ considers the conception of politics and where the foundations of those conceptions lie. It shows that politics is so central to our civilization that its meaning changes with every change of culture and circumstance. Beginning with despotism...

... that the relief of suffering requires us to be managed by experts who require of us a more self-sacrificing attitude to life. Brutus Junius Machiavelli Nicolo Romans internationalism justice oppression rationality Solon despotism French Revolution Paine Thomas totalitarianism democracy France...

... the king, whose veracity he thereby implicitly impugned. The ordeal of Mithridates stands as a prime example of Oriental despotism. The ordeal of the troughs illustrates how extraordinarily ingenious, inventive, and self-confident an imperial apparatus can be in advancing so ridiculous and repulsive...

... to the despotique rule of the East and referred to the despotisme of the Sun King’s regime. ³⁸ But Hobbes’s writing also brought the Greek term “despot” and its adjectival form “despotical” to broad currency in a modern language, forms that were not as commonly used in Latin...

...Throughout The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu critically engages with the despotic practices and ideas of Europe and demonstrates that such harmful ideas can persist through generations, millennia even. Once committed to writing, ideas take on a life of their own; although written in one...

... and that of its Christian subjects were far from being monolithic. The chapter first considers the reasons why the Ottoman Empire was generally excluded from the Family of Nations, including despotism, Islam, polygamy, slavery, corruption and the absence of a sound social structure, inability to reciprocate...

... considerably to the force of his presentation. It is for this reason that Waiting for the Dawn has proved the most enduring and influential Confucian critique of Chinese despotism in the late imperial age as well as the most powerful affirmation of a liberal Confucian political vision...

..., to Constance (Konstanz), the German city where the Council of Constance of 1414–1418 was held. Despite this change, La Juive continued to allude to the Portuguese (or Spanish) Inquisition in its metaphorical proximity to the Council and as a symbol of the despotism of the ancien régime...

...This chapter examines the development of the novel genre in Sudan and South Sudan. After discussing the beginnings of the Sudanese novel up to the early 1990s, it considers works that tackle the social and political difficulties facing the country, mainly marginality and despotism. The chapter...

...Tocqueville applied Rousseau’s critique of the Enlightenment to modern democracy. He saw in the age of equality the possibility of a new and unprecedented form of despotism arising out of long-standing trends toward administrative centralization. Tocqueville drew on Montesquieu’s theory...

...This chapter analyzes commerce as an engine of religious liberation, the rational redemption of Christianity, commerce and despotism, and Montesquieu's “prophetic vision.” Commerce contributes greatly to the transformation of Christianity that Montesquieu observes occurring under the aegis...

... detail observed from real life. It also talks about David Konstan, who placed the emphasis on Bitinna's despotism, which echoes the social independence that women were beginning to enjoy in the early Hellenistic period. The chapter cites Bitinna who has raised Gastrôn to her social level by admitting him...

... factors have obstructed the historical development of high-capacity states. Finally, we characterize ways in which society can harness the various public goods that a capable state can provide, while reducing its potential to act despotically. state capacity China imperial governance Qing dynasty tax...

...? Are groups in Wytham egalitarian or despotic? How do the answers affect whether all badgers get an equal chance to breed, and whether (and in what form) there is a social hierarchy? The answers lead us to explore whether a skewed share of reproductive success reflects social supremacy or merely some anarchic...