... Punic War revealed that Rome’s resources were not enormous. By 214 bc the treasury was empty, a development mirrored in a dramatic fall in weight of the bronze coinage and the debasement of silver. It was only with the financial help of its own elite that Rome was able to survive. Pliny...

... standards of medieval Europe through the gold standard and Bretton Woods eras to today’s fiat money regimes. The chapter notes that issues of revenue creation enabled by the monopoly over money issue—through debasement and/or inflation—runs through this history, as does the significance of the credibility...

... is increased, it has the potential to stimulate economic expansion via an intensification of labor and the income multiplier. His account of the evolution of money also attended to the advent of new credit instruments and innovations in banking. Hume’s policy-advice on the issuance of paper money, debasement...

... into household and community exchange spheres worldwide, triggering varied responses. More particularly, the chapter examines the effects of counterfeit and debased silver coinage as a means of probing anxieties as well as opportunities entailed by silver money in a global century buffeted by war, famine, flood...

...This chapter analyses select early modern monetary economy and policy issues brought before the German Imperial Chamber Court. A survey of source material from various archives focuses on court cases challenging the consequences of currency debasement that resulted from the great inflation...

... that earlier published analyses using instrumental techniques overestimate the silver content and miss much of the structure in the fineness patterns. Nero's reform of AD 64 centred on a far more serious debasement than had been previously thought and the control of the silver bullion content of the coins...

... of Essex Perrot John president of Munster and governor Borough William Gloucester bishop of Kyffin Maurice Newcomen Robert Whitgift John archbishop of Canterbury Burgh Thomas lord Burgh governor Lane Ralph muster master of Ireland lord high treasurer of England currency debasement recoinage...

...This chapter takes a look at certain instances of ‘deflation’, or even ‘debasement’, in Jewish ethics. These instances cut very deep. Each pair of readings involves a contrary moral attitude; and it is imperative for us, in the normal workings of our lives, to receive guidance between them...

... debasement. What differentiates it from the modern experience of money is its situation, not in the post-Enlightenment discourse of economics, but in the contemporary discourse of “commonwealth,” which coordinates material values with political, ethical, and theological ones. Landreth argues...

...0 29 01 2004 I would ask a man of feeling to survey the lobby at the theatres or look at the courtesans in the streets of London. Then let him say what stronger proof can be required of the wretched debasement of society … Sin is artificial is the monstrous offspring of government and property...

... rounds of debasements that severely harmed revenues. The analysis shows how the majority of the members of the Empire came to the conclusion that only an Empire-wide currency union would provide a viable solution, while a minority (Saxony and Habsburg Low Countries) preferred to maintain their autonomy...

... recoinages. In medieval Europe currency depreciation or debasement occurred when the bullion content of coins was reduced or their nominal value was increased. This could be caused by government manipulation of the currency for fiscal purposes, the pressure of commercial interests, or a need to maintain...

... was mainly due to the progressive debasement of the currency. Another factor was an ordinance passed by Emperor Maximilian I in 1489, which revaluated the currency, sparking disputes among creditors and cities. Ordinance of December 1489, extract: provisions on rents: …Item, Qu’a l’entree...

... is owed a debt for money, bears the risk of changes in the monetary standard between the date of the contract and the date it falls due for performance. The Case arose out of Elizabeth I’s debasement of the Irish currency in 1601. The report of the Case cites a range...

... coinage inscriptions on coinage monetary policies Chinese Qing dynasty silver square holes in coinage strings of cash Zhang Zhidong Byzantine Empire copper debasement Franks Lombards Ostrogoths Rome silver coinage taxation Visigoths ‘Abd al Malik ibn Marwan Africa copper coinage...

... to a general shortage of new silver in western Europe, reflected in the debasement of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon coins. The Danelaw was an exception thanks to the large amounts of treasure imported by Danish settlers. Alfred reformed his coinage but the number of coins circulating in his kingdom and in English...

... the larger coins were not physically debased, they were repeatedly rerated upwards and downwards against the unit of account, the livre, which lost around one-third of its value in silver terms. The manipulations after 1699 were largely intended to bring more coin into circulation in France...

... should open the market to all producers of coins or issuers of warehouse receipts. The state should prosecute those producers of coins or bullion who debase the various private currency units. Producers would also have an incentive to monitor each other’s production, reporting to the civil authorities...

... solely to money and particularly to the alteration of coins. ¹⁵ Oresme’s work was based broadly on John Buridan, who had first delivered a profound analysis of this phenomenon using his own experience of the continuing debasements of coinage in France since the end of the thirteenth century...

... values common law debasement debt actions sovereign prerogative monetary obligations Gilbert v. Brett valuation of money monetary standard The common law rules on the performance of monetary obligations show an unbroken pattern of development throughout the High Middle Ages and the early modern...