... electoral politics: the market conception or the employment conception? Chapter 5 shows that voters should be thought of as employers rather than consumers, and that public officials should be thought of as employees rather than producer firms. Chapter 6 demonstrates that competitive elections represent...

...This chapter situates electoral campaigns against the backdrop of Indonesia's transition to competitive elections since 1998. It traces the evolution of the electoral system and proposes a model of how it—and other factors such as campaign norms, resources, and values—shape the decisions...

...This chapter discusses the culmination of democracy in the establishment of political systems based on competitive elections and universal suffrage. The chapter explores the early forms of democracy that existed in many regions and confirms why modern democracy emerged first in Europe...

... elections. One of the important paradoxes about market competition ignored by those who use the market paradigm is that a competitive market precludes competitive market behavior. The chapter shows that competitive elections frequently undermine incumbents’ incentives to engage in forms of competitive...

... leveled against public officials is that they exchange campaign contributions for votes. However, public officials who do not face competitive elections have less need for campaign contributions, and therefore less incentive to engage in some forms of quid pro quo corruption. Hence, under some...

... Poole and Howard Rosenthal, and are available at www.voteview.com . This chapter addresses two sets of questions left open by the analysis in the book. First, the book argues that competitive elections, by most definitions, are fundamentally unhealthy for American democracy. Thus, it examines the idea...

... that act as delegates, though only to the extent that these citizens are currently experiencing competitive elections. Using the European Social Survey Round 6 data and implementing a series of hierarchical linear models, we confirm the validity of these hypotheses. Our findings, if we specify them...

... for politicians facing competitive elections. Accordingly, the chapter traces the political benefits and costs to judicial independence, and explores the conditions under which politicians would most likely provide it. The theory is applied in the context of three very different regimes: imperial Japan, postwar...

... women Donaldo Colosio Luis Excélsior Gramsci Antonio Loret de Mola Carlos senator Madrazo Carlos Reyes Heroles Jesús Sánchez Celis Leopoldo Election rigging Competitive elections Municipal elections Primary elections Veto power Polyarchy Partido Revolucionario Institucional Democratic...

... This chapter distinguishes between three general aspects of electoral competition: competitive elections, competitive electoral behavior, and a competitive framework of electoral laws. This partitioning will be particularly useful because it will facilitate comparisons with the concept of competition in market...

... as market firms. Chapter 6 moves from examining electoral actors to examining the concept of a competitive election. It demonstrates that a competitive market has no electoral analog. Moreover, the definitions of a competitive election that have market analogs are primarily to market failure rather than...

...Figure 6.1 The Prisoner's Dilemma Figure 6.2 Major Party Collusion This chapter continues the comparison between the market and employment paradigms by demonstrating that the various definitions of a competitive election discussed in Chapter 2 are not comparable to a competitive market...

... Yahya Megawati Soekarnoputri Sukarno Delyuzar Gunawan Ang Indra Harahap Usman Siregar Indonesia election posters ethnic group viability ethnic group size social constraints religious appeals nationalist appeals ethnic diversity reputation competitive elections In the first half of 2010...

... policies they prefer. According to this logic, a healthy democracy requires frequent competitive elections. The market analogy underlies decades of electoral theory, but this book contends that it does not capture the real nature of elections. In fact, our widespread dissatisfaction with the current state...