... continues until the termination of war by a treaty of peace, unless the treaty itself extends its duration. By contrast, both ‘unprivileged belligerency’, which partakes of the nature of a ruse, and the enemy’s jurisdiction to penalize it, should be said to terminate either by the return of the individual...

... to ‘non-belligerency’. Axis Franco y Bahamonde Francisco Italy non belligerency Poland Allies arms German war matériel blockade running grain Lufthansa rail aircraft Britain Condor Legion Krupp Friedrich Krupp AG oil re export arms industry Department of State American Hayes Carlton...

...This chapter examines the themes of collaboration and resistance during the period of U.S. belligerency. It first considers the controversy over the Root diplomatic mission, led by American Federation of Labor (AFL) Vice President James Duncan, that visited Russia in the wake of the March...

... belligerency Geneva Conference 1949 Geneva Conventions McNair Arnold non belligerent occupation Pictet Jean Robin Raymond Greece Viogts Rhetz Konstantin von Yugolslavia Hall William invasion Baty Thomas Oppenheim Lasa annexation debellatio Despagnet Frantz Fiore Pasquale Rivier Alphonse...

...-party States; compulsory international arbitration for State to State disputes; territorial limits based on uti possidetis iuris of 1810; third-party right to recognition of internal belligerents; right of diplomatic asylum; the principle of ius soli in nationality laws...

.... This process may either be absolute, as with so-called wars of national liberation, or it may be relative, as in internationalization through recognition of belligerency, special agreements, or unilateral declarations. Additional Protocol I AP I armed conflict Article 2...

... with the Italian Government Regarding the Exercise by His Majesty s Government in the United Kingdom of their Belligerent Rights at Sea (1940) Cmd. 6191 31 George R.I., Proclamation of 4 August 1914 (1914) London Gazette 6163 29, 46 George R.I., Proclamation of 29 October 1914 (1914) London Gazette 8756 48 George...

.... support for the campaign would make the United States a ‘co-belligerent’ in the war under international law. ¹⁸ States have always worked together with others to wage wars. ¹⁹ Facilitated by technological advancements, cooperation is now one of the most salient features...

... with a direct connection to military operations or hostilities and thus to harm to the adversary. The acts must be coordinated with fellow co-parties in such a way that each co-party is involved in the decision-making processes on the coordinated military operations. ‘co belligerency’ declaration of war...

.... But today, changing one’s faith is understood to be merely a conversion without any ulterior motives. Contemporary rational beings consider the subject matter of apostasy to be connected with religious and cultural freedom, whereas Islamic jurisprudence considers it to be a political crime: belligerency...

... of war mercenaries Montreux Document private military and security companies PSCs privileged belligerency status of forces agreements SOFAs use of force Middle East Peacekeeping UN UNPKM multiple PSCs involved Rwanda Sierra Leone immunity domestic law Iraq jurisdiction United States...

... to situations of internal unrest in other countries regardless of whether or not belligerency was recognized. While undoubtedly a trend detectable in the state practice of the time, negative equality with respect to civil wars was however not yet an obligation under customary international law. Epidamnus...

... in establishing a new state or are recognized as belligerents, the application of the principle of non-intervention is displaced: the use of force in support of any party must at this point be consistent with the jus contra bellum codified in the UN Charter. The principle of non...

...Whether or not a blockade can be lawfully conducted during a civil war is an issue of contention. Under the traditional concept of the law of armed conflict, blockades could only be conducted by the naval forces of belligerent states, thus making it legally impossible for a blockade to occur...

...On May 13, 1861, the British cabinet published a proclamation of neutrality accompanied by recognition of Southern belligerency. The French followed suit on June 10, 1861 with a proclamation of neutrality that employed the same cautious language to describe the Southern authority. Instead of taking...

... and Egypt. In turn, Syria’s militant attitude to Israel, and its Soviet and Egyptian orientations, coupled with Egypt’s increasing belligerency, deepened Israel’s sense of siege and fear, and contributed as well to strengthening Ben Gurion’s hardline stance, leading to serious military operations against...

... of the war, but one of the few able to maintain its non-belligerency as a policy. How much this owed to Britain's military resolve or to the political skills of Éamon de Valera is a key question that this book explores. It also examines the tensions Éire's policy created in its relations with Winston...

..., if it is to continue to exist in the human experience, must operate largely outside the realm of domestic criminal law and ordinary morality. The following changes to international law are proposed: With minor exceptions, privileged belligerency will be limited to the uniformed military, militias and populace...