... and positive. However, whether we can be any more precise (e.g., assign the Gospel of Mary to a ‘Sethian’ or ‘Valentinian’ form of Gnosticism) remains uncertain. Dubois J Lührmann D MacRae G W Pasquier A Tardieu M Till W C Wilson R McL De Boer E A King K L Marjanen A Williams M...

... to call Philo a “Gnostic” or “pre-Gnostic,” yet we can fruitfully compare Philo’s thought with a movement later called “Gnostic,” namely the Sethians. A certain amount of overlap occurs due to a common Middle Platonic heritage (such as the creation of humanity’s lower soul by intermediate powers), yet...