... control of the Italian allies from whom it had been taken. It argues that in this way ager publicus was an important instrument to regulate relations between the Romans and their allies. Marcius Philippus L tr Pl 104 Rathbone D W ager incertus ager gentilicius gentes gentiles...

... Iulius Caesar C cos 59 Domitianus emperor subseciva Vespasianus emperor Gracchan reform privatization Italian allies social war In the previous chapter we have seen that in the later second century some small farmers faced serious problems of subsistence. Around 140 bc a first attempt...

... that the Italian allies had taken in the hierarchy of peoples.  The Romans were not ready to give the provincials citizenship, but created two mechanisms to defend the provincials: treaties and the lex repetundarum. censuses commercium conubium Gracchan land reforms Italians legal instruments...