.... This is shown through the idea of dramatic irony in such thinking, where you now know things about your past that you then, in the past, did not know. This allows the introduction of the notion of free indirect style, where it becomes unclear whether the perspective being expressed is internal or external...

... in the cases he explores, notably reflections on the past through memories and anticipations of the future through imaginings. It is argued that Goldie places too much emphasis on literary-seeming devices like irony and free indirect style in the narratives of memory and imagination. Scepticism is also raised...

... modernist techniques explore the shadow lands of inner and outer worlds, the indeterminate zones between private and public experience. Joyce's use of free indirect style ensures there is always another voice, as if the mind is not in control of its own boundaries. The ghost is not a projection of inner...

...—in a realist novel, the omniscient narrator and a character—the “impersonal intimacy” of free indirect style models for James a means of negotiating his relations with the novelist whose work he saw as rival to his own. Through his essays on George Eliot James begins to elaborate a vocabulary for novel...

... as a Young Man Zola Émile Wood James Dubliners Gustave Flaubert Walter Benjamin voice free indirect style point of view Friedrich Nietzsche literary modernism Hugh Kenner I’ve been helped along wonderfully and rescued from many missteps by patient comments from Philip Kitcher and an anonymous...

... of free indirect style shares an affinity with eighteenth-century psychiatric diagnosis and case records. While the origin of free indirect style is often ascribed to Jane Austen, the chapter finds emergent forms of free indirect style appearing in psychiatric notebooks by mad-doctors practicing moral...

... of free indirect style brings narrative into dialogue not only with inner life (as in the metropolitan center), but also with the dialect of the tribe, the idioms of an excluded culture. Though Joyce's modernist innovations are often attributed to his European exile, his vernacular modernism is also...

... of Richardson’s thirteen-volume Pilgrimage (published serially starting in 1915), is notable for her fear and rejection of sympathy. Richardson’s stream-of-consciousness method encourages the reader to “feel into” Miriam’s mind through free indirect style and free direct thought. These methods...

...Emma Woodhouse misreads the intentions, and the significance of the actions, of those around her in ways that reflect both her projects and her own acknowledged or unacknowledged desires. Moreover, Emma is innovative in its wide use of “free indirect style”: readers view...

..., evident when style as well as content is considered. Emma’s radically experimental presentation of events through the distorting lens of the protagonist’s mind, what is now referred to as free indirect style, foregrounds Austen’s then-unique blending of third- and first...

... especially at transitional moments to convey partisan responses. Havelok claims historicity, yet often using free indirect style imagines its characters’ inner lives empathetically, and at one point even defines empathy. Chrétien de Troyes Finlayson John Ganim John Havelok King Horn narrator fallible...

... of free indirect style, Thierry Groensteen’s terms the reciter and the monstrator, and the potential relevance of Yiddish literature. Katchor Ben comics by television urban theory comics form comics scholars Judaism literature Yiddish newspapers Freiheit humor Henri Lefebvre Yiddish literature...

... a return to ideas of character, interiority, and empathy in a way that still prioritizes authorial style and amplitude. With reference to Dorothy Hale’s notion of the aesthetics of alterity, it shows how these authors have made innovative use of free indirect style and polyphony to create a critical...

... of certain more basic features of human thinking. attitudes biology cognitive dramatic irony fiction free indirect style FIS Goldie Peter history histories life literature moral narrative value animals children infants construction cultural historical identity memory memories non human...

...This chapter considers the phenomenon of free indirect style, and what imaginative response it calls for from the reader who encounters it in a fiction. Two ‘single voice’ theories of free indirect style are discussed: one which argues that we should hear FIS only as implying the voice...

... a surprising reading of Joyce's Portrait is proposed, building on the presence in the work of Stephen Dedalus' writings (poem, journal etc.), to suggest that the entire book might be read as not just a case of free indirect style, with Joyce rendering Stephen's consciousness, but as possibly...

... innovative technique is the idiomatic cast given to free indirect style, which is less concerned with stream of consciousness than the “dialect of the tribe,” the inner speech of a culture in crisis. Ireland thus achieves articulation not only as subject matter or content but also as form...