...This introduction takes a number of steps to highlight the book’s focus on women’s engagement in electoral politics and their efforts in social movement activism. The introduction begins by returning briefly to the history of the woman suffrage movement, ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment...

...State-to-state differences in women’s state legislative representation since the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment are as vast as over-time differences have been. This chapter focuses on women elected to state legislatures from the first, in 1894, to those serving in 2017. The paper highlights...

... intersectionality voter suppression Voting Rights Act of McCammon Holly J women’s equal rights women’s movements Nineteenth Amendment feminism women’s rights social movement women candidates electoral politics women’s representation voting intersectionality women’s political participation gender...

... line from New York enfranchisement to the Nineteenth Amendment. We might expect those representing New York to endorse a federal amendment after 1917 in order to appease their new constituents. But not all did so. Three members of the House of Representatives from New York State opposed the federal...

... of enfranchisement. The chapter observes that activist white women recognized that the Nineteenth Amendment marked an important turning point in southern politics that changed not only who cast ballots but also who counted as a constituent. It notes that with their votes, women commanded the attention of political...

... lasted more than seventy years, reexamines the meaning of the Nineteenth Amendment, and explores the connections between electoral mobilization and political power. It looks at female agency and activism through one of the most prized tools of American democracy: the vote. Legislative reform Lobbying...

... to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment for women to achieve the vote, but North Carolina's political climate was conservative. Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, appointed Weil as state field commander. The legislature repeatedly voted down granting women...

... largest in the West. After the successful 1893 referendum on woman suffrage, the women of Colorado became full-fledged voters, in federal as well as state elections, a quarter of a century before the Nineteenth Amendment was passed. The 1896 woman suffrage referendum in California, the last campaign...

...This chapter discusses how Americans debated regarding women's right to vote, even before the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. By the presidential election of 1936, most agreed that women had failed to organize in numbers large enough to provide them with an effective voice...

...At the very height of the struggle over the Nineteenth Amendment, leading Indigenous feminists were completing and publishing their major works of political theory. This was not a coincidence. Native women had long been engaged in the fight for political participation, citizenship rights...

...Returning to the opening scene of the book, this chapter explains the factors that led Laura Clay to resign from KERA and to oppose ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. By 1916, the National American Woman Suffrage Association had endorsed Carrie Chapman Catt's “Winning Plan,” pledging...

...” of their “male inhabitants” who meet age and citizenship requirements. The Nineteenth Amendment forbids both states and the federal government from denying or abridging the “right of citizens of the United States to vote … on account of sex.” The two provisions are linked by more than just their references...

... Eighteenth Amendment and Prohibition Equal Rights Amendment ERA freedom of speech history curricula New Deal Nineteenth Amendment Roosevelt Franklin D U S Congress Wilson Woodrow Bill of Rights Buck v Bell 1927 Buck Carrie Coolidge Calvin Debs Eugene eugenics First Amendment Japanese American...

... to believe that the passage and ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment would have been delayed. This book makes clear how actions of New York's patchwork of suffrage advocates heralded a gigantic political, social, and legal shift in the United States. Readers will discover that although these groups did...

...The story begins in Nashville in 1920. Laura Clay, Kentucky's most well-known is there, not to urge the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, but rather to support anti-suffragists' efforts to defeat it. The introduction lays out why Kentucky's struggle to give women the vote matters...

... reading that America had emancipated women. These declarations multiplied in the decades after the Nineteenth Amendment’s 1920 ratification, as textbooks highlighted white women’s voting, overlooked persistent limits on women’s rights, and ignored the many women of color still disenfranchised...

... lasted more than seventy years, reexamines the meaning of the Nineteenth Amendment, explores the connections between electoral mobilization and political power. It looks at female agency and activism through one of the most prized tools of American democracy: the vote. Black suffrage black women's role...

... further that the Nineteenth Amendment blurred the lines of gender and race that were so central to the order of Jim Crow South, as white and black women embraced their new status as voters. Antisuffragists arguments of Election day rituals Polling places cleaning up of Rituals political election day...

...This chapter discusses how Democratic Party leaders throughout the South look upon the demands of organized white women in the years following the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. It observes that nervous Democrats, when faced with a large and unpredictable bloc of new voters at the polls...

...This concluding chapter explores the ways that suffragists used their enfranchisement to push the Nineteenth Amendment forward. The book's study places New York State at the forefront of the woman suffrage movement in the eastern United States. Its success had a profound effect on the national...