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Robert P Bartlett, Justin McCrary, Maureen O’Hara, The Market Inside the Market: Odd-Lot Quotes, The Review of Financial Studies, Volume 38, Issue 3, March 2025, Pages 661–711, https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhad074
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Abstract
We show current market practices relating to odd-lot quotes create a large “inside” market where better prices routinely exist relative to the National Best Bid or Offer. We show that odd-lot quotes play a price discovery role, and these quotes provide valuable information to traders with access to proprietary data feeds. Using a XGBoost machine learning algorithm that uses odd-lot data to predict future prices, we demonstrate a simple and profitable trading strategy. We argue the SEC’s proposed round-lot redefinition reduces—but does not eliminate—the high incidence of superior odd-lot quotes within the NBBO.