... labor is greater in richer countries than in poorer countries. It also explains why the efficiency with which reproducible capital (equipment and structure) is used relative to natural capital (mineral deposits, land, timber, etc.) is higher in rich countries, and the absolute efficiency with which...

...This chapter examines the efficiency with which the aggregate labor input and, respectively, the aggregate capital input are used in production. To this end, it uses an equation that takes into account coefficients that operate as augmentation coefficients for “natural capital equivalents...

...This chapter examines possible factor biases in the way different countries use reproducible and natural capital, using an equation that also takes into account the bundle of capital goods which, combined with labor, is used to produce GDP. The goal of the chapter is to determine how the factor...

... patterns of nonneutrality that exist across countries and over time. aggregate production functions bias cross country analysis efficiency macroeconomics natural capital production reproducible capital schooling skilled biased technical change SBTC technical change aggregate elasticity...

... is whatever forms the capacity to provide utility; natural capital is the capacity of nature to provide humans with utility (those parts of nature that fail to do so being disregarded), such as resources, plants, ecosystems, or species; man-made capital includes...