..., ³ 122 complex account books, ⁴ and the making of deposits into investments. ⁵ Beneath these fundamental innovations in business technique achieved by the sedentary merchant-bankers of the 1200s (the so-called Dugento), I maintain, lay the organizational invention...

... and expulsion of Italian merchant-bankers. Edward the Confessor king of England England kingdom of France kingdom of Laws of Edward the Confessor Normandy outlawry usurers usury Westminster Abbey Edward I king of England expulsion Flanders county of foreigners Henry III king of England Italy Jews...

..., the case of Álvaro Pimentel, although not fully proven, seems quite safe. He was, without any doubt, one of the major merchant bankers of the first two decades of the sixteenth century. In the years 1509 to 1511, Álvaro Pimentel had the biggest contract for pepper, valued at 10,530,000 reais. When...

...This chapter explores how postwar restrictions on the use of sterling prompted UK merchant bankers to develop an innovative method for financing international trade. They tapped into the large volume of offshore dollars that had accrued because of massive overseas US spending through military aid...

... rhetorical strategy of making medieval Jewish moneylenders, the object of scorn and prejudice, interchangeable with the international merchant-bankers of the seventeenth century. bills of exchange Cleirac Étienne Dagobert King of France expulsions of the Jews Ghibellines Guelfs Jews legend about Jews...