... markets urban hierarchy Arcis sur Aube Aube Bar–Sur Seine Lyon Troyes cantons London mortgage markets rationing subprime mortgage crisis 2008 commercial credit mortgage bank banks boundaries of credit markets occupations of borrowers and lenders gender of lenders and borrowers lenders...

... mysterious ways, but also for their potential to trick naïve investors. As such, they epitomized the promise and the peril of early modern commercial credit. Starting in the mid-seventeenth century, a number of authors maintained that those Jews who had been expelled from the kingdom of France at various...

... in the century as a concrete possibility, Jewish commercial and financial dexterity was once again perceived as a threat rather than a boon to state and society. While Montesquieu drew a sharp line between commercial credit and usury, the two were conflated once again during the emancipation debates, as they had...

...This chapter analyzes the echoes of the legend of the Jewish invention of bills of exchange beyond France up to 1800 and how they intersected with a variety of discourses about the morality of commercial credit. The legend that pointed to Jews as the creators of European private finance did...