...This chapter discusses the state- and prediction-based theory (SPT) and its use in individual-based models (IBMs). The fundamental concept of modern theory in behavioral ecology is that behavior acts to maximize a specific measure of fitness at a specific future time, and that this fitness measure...

... to explore ways to use SPT for an adaptive trade-off behavior that clearly is important to population dynamics, and to compare the behavior it produces to behavior predicted by a DSVM model and observed in real organisms. The chapter reproduces the three patterns of observed behavior, in almost all...

... those implied by the individual-level DSVM analysis. Salmonid fishes exhibit amazing life history diversity. One fundamental distinction among salmonid life histories is whether or not individuals migrate to the ocean. In general, facultative anadromy can be seen as an adaptive behavior that trades off...

...This chapter assesses how state- and prediction-based theory (SPT), as a nontraditional approach to modeling adaptive behavior embedded in a nontraditional population modeling approach, faces a significant credibility challenge. This challenge is complicated by the many ways that models can gain...

...This chapter provides an overview of the nature of voting behavior and election outcomes in Latin America. Armed only with vertical understandings of political intermediation, research on Latin American voters “conceives the citizen as an independently self-contained decision-maker,” ignoring...

...This chapter assesses elite behavior, demonstrating that clientelistic party machines try to pay off hubs — that is, voters with large political discussion networks who frequently engage in persuasion. In seeking to buy votes, the best strategy a party can pursue is to target citizens who are well...

... escape Julia set McMullen domain Sierpinski Cantor necklace holomorphic motion Julia sets limiting behavior rational maps Sierpinski carpets Sierpinski gaskets Jordan curves laminations implosions singularly perturbed rational maps ABSTRACT. We survey some recent results involving singular...

... describing the off-diagonal and long-time behavior of the solution kernel for the general model. It also states a proposition summarizing the properties of the resolvent operator as an operator on the Hölder spaces. In contrast to the case of the heat equation, there is no need to assume that the data has...

...This chapter deals with the semi-group on the space Β⁰(P). It first describes the boundary behavior of elements of the adjoint operator at points in the interiors of hypersurface boundary components before discussing the null-space of the adjoint under the hypothesis...

...This chapter illuminates the critical unexplained share of the vote delivered to bloodstained wartime belligerents by looking to the experiences, outcomes, and legacies of significant violence in war. It uses the tools of political behavior to discuss the important body of international relations...

... to own the salient valence issues, position themselves programmatically, target different sectors of the electorate, and recruit their political elite. It employs the tools of political behavior that reveal the pathway by which war outcomes influence the behavior of political parties and voters...

...This chapter presents the theory of how war outcomes influence electoral performance through party strategies and voter behavior. It outlines how war-winning, and war-losing parties devise their respective programs and platforms, reckon with the violent past, build and target their constituencies...

... as government or rebel, nor its partisan identity as right or left, can account better for belligerent parties' strategies and victimized populations' political behavior. It explains the theory that anticipates how war outcomes will have far more impact than other determinants of party strategy. Nicaragua...

...This chapter explains how the world offers many resources to organisms, noting that obtaining resources is hard. It covers exploration that takes time, behavior that may have delayed consequences, and informative stimuli that are often mixed with noninformative ones. It also mentions animals...

...This chapter summarizes both behavioral and mental sequential abilities of humans, discussing when these abilities may have appeared and how they develop during an individual's lifetime. The chapter looks at the main hypotheses about human cognitive evolution. It describes uniquely human behavior...

...This introductory chapter briefly argues that Athenian dramatic festivals were the occasion for elaborate symbolic play on themes of proper and improper civic behavior on the part of men. This was predicated on the assumption that the principal component of proper male citizenship was military...

...This chapter provides a background on collective behavior, which is ubiquitous in nature and essential to human activities. It argues that collective behavior is best understood through the dynamic relationship between inside and outside, rather than simply assembling parts into wholes. Traditional...

... of understanding complex systems through their parts alone. Emergence has since evolved into a concept identifying collective behavior arising from interactions among participants relative to their current situation. The chapter points out the growing interest in emergence and collective behavior, which is driven...

...This chapter discusses how hypotheses about collective behavior in changing environments can guide research by focusing on similar processes in similar ecological contexts. This evolutionary perspective suggests that selection shapes collective behavior through individual interactions. It also...

...This chapter contemplates the broader themes and implications of this work and constructs a new theory of moral choice. Most existing theories designed to guide moral behavior and examine the ethical acts of others fail to adequately capture what appeared in this volume's analysis...