... are arranged like flattened donuts, aligned with the same plane as the planets. Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon de Laplace noted the planar nature of the solar system and used this as the basis for their nebular theories in which the solar system grew out of a flattened disk of matter. Young stars like those...

... Immanuel Kant The Closed Commercial State Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès peace international relations global trade Perpetual Peace state formation Fichte’s Closed Commercial State was a prominent target in the lengthy article on perpetual peace that Friedrich von Gentz published...

... and communication technology happened after the Second World War and globalization. Moreover, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Immanuel Kant's intellectual legacies help further the understanding of how globalization influenced geopolitics and the legitimacy of international regimes and organizations. The chapter...

.... The chapter looks into the visions of sovereign power presented by Thomas Hobbes, and Immanuel Kant. It acknowledges the tensions liberal societies faced in the conflict between domestic legitimacy and legitimation of international institutions. Hume David Williams Bernard First Political Question...

... (“no countries”) or perhaps a single global state (“the world will be as one”), he also tells us that it is easy to imagine such a world. The chapter develops an account of what it is to justify states, first by considering the views of Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant, and John Rawls. It then examines the claim...

... in the work of Montesquieu as well; the republican-universalist stance that goes back to Immanuel Kant, though certain arguments can be found in the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau; and finally the position linked with the “neo-Roman understanding of history” and the associated emphasis on the ideal of virtue...

... that it makes and can therefore unmake? Korsgaard's ethics descends from Immanuel Kant, but it contrasts in important ways with Kant's ethics. Korsgaard's subject is unequivocally the author of the law that binds it, for its law is the law of its practical identity, and the subject itself “constructs...

... responsible for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Moreover, Immanuel Kant's political vision passed on to posterity, which then became the starting point of a new set of attempts to establish an intellectually coherent relationship between history and politics. The History of the Troglodytes...

...This chapter focuses on the idea of Immanuel Kant to reject the concept of palingenesis and endorse the concept of metamorphosis. According to Kant, the problematic relationship between equality and inequality began with society. Thus, neutralizing inequality comes from one thing that could stand...

...This chapter covers the interplay between autonomy and civil society. It starts with the gaps within Immanuel Kant's philosophy of history before discussing the concept of a Weltanschauung, or a worldview, concerned with the human capacity to conceive of the infinite. Meanwhile...

... on the basis of qualifications and performance. The chapter first provides an overview of the intellectual context of Hegel's exposition, with emphasis on themes associated with John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, and David Hume. It then considers Hegel's views on topics such as agriculture...

...This chapter introduces Immanuel Kant, who indicated that the autonomy of the will is the sole principle of all moral laws and of duties in keeping within them. It then explains the impact of attempts to close the gap in thinking about morality, culture, history, and politics, mainly in Europe...

... Révolutions d'Italie indicate how modern politics began in Italy because of the nexus of terror, poetry, the arts, and philosophy that arose in Italy. Meanwhile, Victor Hugo argued that concepts of autonomy and democracy were not as distinct or as different as they had been described by Immanuel Kant...

...This book traces the origins of modern political thought and ideologies to a question, raised by Immanuel Kant, about what is involved in comparing individual human lives to the whole of human history. How can we compare them, or understand the results of the comparison? Kant's question injected...

...This chapter examines the philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). Kant made the study of the German language, in which he wrote all his important works, almost obligatory for philosophers in every country for a century and a half. He remained connected with the university almost his whole adult...

... Machiavellianism theory and practice problem of Tuck Richard recognition Schottky Richard property Jackson Andrew Marshall John people Wilson James ephorate Nippel Wilfried Sparta Madison James Schlegel Friedrich Görres Joseph von Johann Gottlieb Fichte Immanuel Kant theory of the state Jean...

... Franz von Babeuf François Noël Gracchus Gentz Friedrich von Hagens Kaspar von Müller Adam Schmalz Theodor Tenzel Franz Joseph Bern Johann Gottlieb Fichte Immanuel Kant planned economy monetary system political economy modern finance economic relations equality On 16 August 1800, just over...

... social question international law morality Nagel Thomas perpetual peace Rawls John Shklar Judith Johann Gottlieb Fichte The Closed Commercial State constitutionalism Immanuel Kant Jean-Jacques Rousseau Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès commerce finance European states system Eighteenth-century...

... coincide, without requiring any further motivation to be supplied by benevolence or altruism. It was Immanuel Kant who described the similarity between Rousseau’s thought and more orthodox Christianity most succinctly. In a little essay entitled Conjectures on the Beginning of Human History...