
Contents
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6.1. The Twilight of the Ming Dynasty 6.1. The Twilight of the Ming Dynasty
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6.2. Political Institutions under the Ming Dynasty 6.2. Political Institutions under the Ming Dynasty
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6.2.1 Absolute Monarchy 6.2.1 Absolute Monarchy
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6.2.2 The Bureaucracy 6.2.2 The Bureaucracy
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6.2.3 The Fiscal System 6.2.3 The Fiscal System
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6.2.4 The Military 6.2.4 The Military
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6.3. Zhang Juzheng’s Reforms 6.3. Zhang Juzheng’s Reforms
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6.3.1 Performance-Based Evaluations 6.3.1 Performance-Based Evaluations
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6.3.2 Land Survey 6.3.2 Land Survey
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6.3.3 Single Whip 6.3.3 Single Whip
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Combining the Service Levy and Land Tax Combining the Service Levy and Land Tax
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Progressive and Universal Taxation Progressive and Universal Taxation
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Drawn-Out Local Adoption Drawn-Out Local Adoption
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6.3.4 Zhang Juzheng’s Widespread Unpopularity 6.3.4 Zhang Juzheng’s Widespread Unpopularity
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6.4. Where the Status Quo Survived 6.4. Where the Status Quo Survived
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6.4.1 Timeline of Local Single Whip Adoption 6.4.1 Timeline of Local Single Whip Adoption
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6.4.2 National Representation of Local Interest 6.4.2 National Representation of Local Interest
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6.4.3 Where the Reform was Delayed 6.4.3 Where the Reform was Delayed
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6.5. Conclusion 6.5. Conclusion
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6 State Maintaining in the Ming Dynasty
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Published:October 2022
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Abstract
This chapter illustrates how the development of social transformations that had germinated during the Song Dynasty were reinforced during the Yuan era and passed on to the Ming Dynasty. It particularly examines the consolidation of the second era during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). The chapter focuses on a critical fiscal reform—the Single Whip—which provides a useful lens through which to analyze the behavior of the Ming elites. It reveals that politicians with localized kinship networks—the majority of Ming-era politicians—represented local interests and influenced central policy making to protect their kin's economic interests and autonomy. The chapter also draws on an original biographical dataset of 503 major officials under Emperor Shenzong (1572–1620) and historical data on local implementation of the Single Whip reform. It exhibits that the more national-level politicians a prefecture produced, the slower its adoption of the Single Whip, if it was adopted at all.
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