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1 The Nine Relays: Translation in China: 殊方九譯之俗:多語亞洲作為文學系統
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Published:May 2022
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Abstract
This chapter discusses the practice of translation in China. In China, the translation of foreign works arises simultaneously with the project of a modern literature, and so the study of translation tends to become identified with the study of this literature. The turn toward the foreign was motivated by a feeling of lack, exhaustion, and defeat, as if the three-thousand-year history of China had finally run its course and needed to be replaced by something else. When texts from China are translated into French, English, or German, inter alia, the case is sometimes made that these are works that have the potential to transform the poetic language, the mental orientations, or the society and politics of the receiving cultures. Mediation between different languages and communities can take many forms. There are translators; there are chains of translators, as Sima Qian's scenario of the “nine relays” suggests; there are institutions, like the protocols of monastic revision devised by Dao'an to secure reliable versions of Buddhist texts imported by a variety of foreign informants; and not least, there are technologies, like the Chinese writing system or Arabic numerals, that create commensurabilities among separate linguistic communities. Chinese writing itself will prove both a tremendous enabler and a tremendous obliterator of translation.
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