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Classical Articulation of the Islamic Caliphate as a Legal Necessity and Communal Obligation Classical Articulation of the Islamic Caliphate as a Legal Necessity and Communal Obligation
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Al-Juwaynī’s Seminal Fifth/Eleventh-Century Resolution Al-Juwaynī’s Seminal Fifth/Eleventh-Century Resolution
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Post-656/1258 Theorists of the Caliphate Post-656/1258 Theorists of the Caliphate
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Ghalabah, the Sultanate, and the Caliphate in Ibn Jamāʿah’s Taḥrīr Al-Aḥkām Ghalabah, the Sultanate, and the Caliphate in Ibn Jamāʿah’s Taḥrīr Al-Aḥkām
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Ibn Taymiyyah’s Views on the Caliphate Ibn Taymiyyah’s Views on the Caliphate
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Shams al-Dīn al-Dhahabī’s Polemical Treatise on the Grand Imamate Shams al-Dīn al-Dhahabī’s Polemical Treatise on the Grand Imamate
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Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī and the Restoration of Blessings Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī and the Restoration of Blessings
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The Inter-School Polemics of Najm Al-Dīn Al-Ṭarsūsī The Inter-School Polemics of Najm Al-Dīn Al-Ṭarsūsī
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Ibn Khaldūn’s Political Entanglements and Ideals Ibn Khaldūn’s Political Entanglements and Ideals
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The Mamluk Chancery Contributions of Al-Qalqashandī The Mamluk Chancery Contributions of Al-Qalqashandī
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Al-Shīrāzī’s Metaphysical Exaltation of the Abbasid Caliph in Cairo Al-Shīrāzī’s Metaphysical Exaltation of the Abbasid Caliph in Cairo
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Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī’s Devotional Love of the Prophet’s Family Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī’s Devotional Love of the Prophet’s Family
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3 Conceptualizing the Caliphate, 632–1517 CE
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Published:January 2017
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Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of how the embodied practice of the earliest generations of Muslims was essential in consolidating a nearly universal Islamic consensus upon the obligation of appointing a leader for the Muslim community. As such, the caliphate was incorporated into Sunni Islamic law as a legal necessity and a communal obligation, and Muslim scholars attempted to address the institution's increasing divergence from ideals over time. Following the destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad in 656/1258, Muslim scholars of Mamluk Egypt and Syria drew from this rich tradition of Islamic political thought and jurisprudence to articulate creative solutions that bolstered the socio-legal foundations of the reconstituted caliphate in Cairo. As intellectual predecessors, teachers, disciples, colleagues, rivals, and adversaries, these premodern scholars were connected to each other through intricate social webs that traversed the centuries of Mamluk rule from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries.
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