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Sleepwalking into a New World: The Emergence of Italian City Communes in the Twelfth Century

Online ISBN:
9781400865826
Print ISBN:
9780691181141
Publisher:
Princeton University Press
Book

Sleepwalking into a New World: The Emergence of Italian City Communes in the Twelfth Century

Chris Wickham
Chris Wickham
Oxford
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Published online:
20 September 2018
Published in print:
26 June 2018
Online ISBN:
9781400865826
Print ISBN:
9780691181141
Publisher:
Princeton University Press

Abstract

Amid the disintegration of the Kingdom of Italy in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, a new form of collective government—the commune—arose in the cities of northern and central Italy. This book takes a bold new look at how these autonomous city-states came about, and fundamentally alters our understanding of one of the most important political and cultural innovations of the medieval world. The book provides richly textured portraits of three cities—Milan, Pisa, and Rome—and sets them against a vibrant backcloth of other towns. It argues that, in all but a few cases, the élite of these cities and towns developed one of the first nonmonarchical forms of government in medieval Europe, unaware that they were creating something altogether new. The book makes clear that the Italian city commune was by no means a democracy in the modern sense, but that it was so novel that outsiders did not know what to make of it. It describes how, as the old order unraveled, the communes emerged, governed by consular elites “chosen by the people,” and subject to neither emperor nor king. They regularly fought each other, yet they grew organized and confident enough to ally together to defeat Frederick Barbarossa, the German emperor, at the Battle of Legnano in 1176. This book reveals how the development of the autonomous city-state took place, which would in the end make possible the robust civic culture of the Renaissance.

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