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Part front matter for Part II The Failure of the Parliamentary Center
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Published:October 2015
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To apply Yeats to politics, the center was not to hold. While bourgeois groups could stalemate radical initiatives, no effective majority yet held together to govern. Even before the war European parliamentary systems were entering a period of crisis. Arms races and stiffer tax burdens, new working-class militancy and socialist party challenges, the skillful reassertion of political Catholicism and bitter ethnic antagonisms from Ireland to Austria-Hungary were all fragmenting political majorities. Coherent policy, whether formulated by parliamentary cabinets as in Britain, France, and Italy, or by ministers who were only minimally dependent upon parliamentary votes as in Germany and Austria, became increasingly difficult. The advent of war temporarily helped conservative forces to reshape effective coalitions, but the crisis of 1917 opened a new period of left-wing challenge. Finally, after the dissipation of the left's offensive during the course of 1920, it seemed feasible once again to reconstruct centrist coalitions that might achieve a stable balance among contending interests through parliamentary bargaining. This centrist stability, however, was to prove evasive. Why?
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