
Contents
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
France During the Cold War: Force De Frappe France During the Cold War: Force De Frappe
-
Explaining France During the Cold War: Asymmetric Escalation Explaining France During the Cold War: Asymmetric Escalation
-
-
France After the Cold War: Asymmetric Escalation Tous Azimuts France After the Cold War: Asymmetric Escalation Tous Azimuts
-
Explaining Post–Cold War France’s Asymmetric Escalation Posture Explaining Post–Cold War France’s Asymmetric Escalation Posture
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cite
Abstract
This chapter traces the contours of France's nuclear postures over time. During the Cold War and after, France adopted an asymmetric escalation posture—though for very different reasons in the two periods. During the Cold War, France's geopolitical position and its fear of American abandonment in the event of a conflict pushed France toward an asymmetric escalation posture for strictly security reasons. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, however, France enjoyed a more benign security environment. It was then faced with a choice: it could scale back its nuclear force posture toward an assured retaliation posture to deter conflict and coercion at the nuclear level, or it could continue to adopt an asymmetric escalation posture as a hedge to deter future potential conventional threats. France has since opted to maintain an independent asymmetric escalation posture.
Sign in
Personal account
- Sign in with email/username & password
- Get email alerts
- Save searches
- Purchase content
- Activate your purchase/trial code
- Add your ORCID iD
Purchase
Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.
Purchasing informationMonth: | Total Views: |
---|---|
February 2023 | 2 |
September 2023 | 3 |
October 2023 | 1 |
August 2024 | 1 |
September 2024 | 1 |
October 2024 | 5 |
December 2024 | 2 |
February 2025 | 1 |
Get help with access
Institutional access
Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:
IP based access
Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.
Sign in through your institution
Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic.
If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.
Sign in with a library card
Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.
Society Members
Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:
Sign in through society site
Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal:
If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.
Sign in using a personal account
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.
Personal account
A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.
Viewing your signed in accounts
Click the account icon in the top right to:
Signed in but can't access content
Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.
Institutional account management
For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.