... and the development of a higher education system, and briefly engages with the main education policies and reforms that took place between 1947 and the 1990s. The chapter then turns to the economic reforms of 1991 under the leadership of PM Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, which emerged...

...This chapter provides an account of China's welfare changes over three decades in the context of economic reforms. In particular, it explores the welfare functions of communes and work units before China's economic reforms. The new economic ideologies and practices during the first stage of reforms...

...This chapter explains the welfare functions of communes and work units before China's economic reforms. It also describes the new social security measures which came about after 1978 such as old age pensions in cities and the countryside, the Minimum Standard of Living Scheme, and the Five...

...This chapter presents the objectives and content of China's education before the economic reforms. It also covers the development of China's post-reform education policies in terms of basic education, vocational education and higher education, and the development of private education. In addition...

...This chapter first provides a brief review of Chinese labour policy prior to the economic reforms. This is followed by an overview of labour policy changes in the reform era. The chapter then describes unemployment problems in the context of market transition and the Chinese government's policy...