...-off between policy formulation and research, and it is not easy for such institutes to become actively involved in policy planning. One of problems in policymaking in Japan is that the policy process is not contestable, that’s why the quality of it is deteriorated. We have to analyse issues based...

...In this chapter Castaños and Monsiváis-Carillo demonstrate how theoretical debate and disagreement over the meaning of representation stems from the fact that the concept is ‘essentially contestable’. Through a critique of prominent approaches to the concept, notably those by Pitkin and Pettit...