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Yoshio Itoh, Daisuke Higeta, Akane Suzuki, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Yoshihiro Ozeki, Excision of Transposable Elements from the Chalcone Isomerase and Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase Genes May Contribute to the Variegation of the Yellow-Flowered Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), Plant and Cell Physiology, Volume 43, Issue 5, 15 May 2002, Pages 578–585, https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcf065
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Abstract
In the ‘Rhapsody’ cultivar of the carnation, which bears white flowers variegated with red flecks and sectors, a transposable element, dTdic1, belonging to the Ac/Ds superfamily, was found within the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene. The red flecks and sectors of ‘Rhapsody’ may be attributable to a reversion to DFR activity after the excision of dTdic1. The yellow color of the carnation petals is attributed to the synthesis and accumulation of chalcone 2′-glucoside. In several of the carnation cultivars that bear yellow flowers variegated with white flecks and sectors, both the chalcone isomerase (CHI) and DFR genes are disrupted by dTdic1.