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Hajime Fukushima, Hidenobu Yajima, Impacts of stellar wind and supernovae on star cluster formation: Origins of extremely high N/O ratios and multiple stellar populations, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Volume 76, Issue 5, October 2024, Pages 1122–1130, https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/psae074
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Abstract
We study metal enrichment originating from stellar wind and supernovae in low-metallicity clouds by performing three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations. We find that metals ejected from stellar wind are accumulated, leading to subsequent star formation in the nitrogen-enriched gas. During this early phase, the |${\rm N/O}$| ratios are similar to observed nitrogen-enriched galaxies (|${\rm [N/O]}\gtrsim 0.5$|). Then, once supernovae occur, the |${\rm N/O}$| ratios decrease significantly. If the duration of star formation is comparable to the time-scale of supernovae, the mass fraction of nitrogen-enriched stars reaches half the mass of star clusters. We suggest that the mass of the star cluster needs to exceed |$\sim \!10^6$| M|$_{\odot }$| to have multiple populations due to stellar wind, considering the condition for massive star cluster formation and the timescales of stellar evolution.