..., and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Competition authorities’ potential role in providing redress for victims of competition infringements has attracted growing interest in Europe. This is attributed to the perceived lack of compensation for victims...

..., in this original contribution, analysing 14 years of leading case law, the authors identify several key persistent Legitimacy and Effectiveness issues which arise when private parties attempt antitrust enforcement through the courts. On key issues such as: (i) Compensation awards inadequacy; (ii) Lack of rights...

... decisions in the sugar cartel case may well open the gateway for new private claims in the future. Antitrust Law Competition Law Cartel Sugar Industry Spain Damages claim Private Enforcement Compensation Passing-On Defence K13 K21 K32 K42 L41 Q18 Until recently, private damages claims arising...

... of New Zealand accident compensation (Accidents Compensation Act 1982 & Accident Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance Act 2001). We believe this representation model has the potential to be used in other domains. This paper is organised as follows. In Section 2, we will introduce similarity...

..., such as Article 7(2) (the duty to discuss the question of compensation) and Article 33 (inter-State settlement of disputes), is also examined. Right to non-discrimination Water Rivers Pollution Compensation Travaux préparatoires Customary...

...This section presents the CHR Report, 28 June 1948. Right to a trial within a reasonable time Right to a public hearing Judicial independence/impartiality Habeas corpus Detention Compensation UNITED NATIONS...

... Self-defence Witnesses Compensation UNITED NATIONS   ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL GENERAL   E/CN.4/528/Add.1   20 March 1952   ORIGINAL...

...This section presents the CHR Meeting Summary, 5 June 1952. Human rights Compensation UNITED NATIONS   ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL GENERAL   E/CN.4/SR.324...

...This section presents the Third Committee (GA) Meeting Summary, 19 November 1959. Right to a public hearing Compensation UNITED NATIONS   GENERAL ASSEMBLY...

...This section presents the Third Committee (GA) Government Observations, 27 July 1955. Equality before the law Compensation UNITED NATIONS   GENERAL ASSEMBLY...

...This section presents the Third Committee (GA) Government Observations, 13 September 1955. Equality before the law Compensation UNITED NATIONS   GENERAL ASSEMBLY...

...This section presents the Third Committee (GA) Israel amendment, 19 November 1959. Right to a trial within a reasonable time Judicial independence/impartiality Compensation UNITED NATIONS   GENERAL...

...This section is about Article 32 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice Judges Compensation UN Charter Costs and expenses 1. Each member of the Court shall receive an annual salary. 1. Les membres de la Cour reçoivent un traitement annuel. 2. The President shall...

...International Law Commission United Nations General Assembly European Free Trade Association Permanent Court of International Justice (historical) International Court of Justice European Court of Human Rights Compensation Arbitration Damages Treaty provisions As illustrated...

...Torture Gross violations Human rights remedies Compensation Damages Both corrective justice (focusing on fairness to the victim) and economic models (focusing on incentives to the wrongdoer) call for damages that equal the full value of the injury to the victim. They are inevitably...

... and/or reparation, or (if no other remedy is available) possibly by taking countermeasures. This chapter discusses international law governing cessation, reparation, invocation. cessation invocation of responsibility reparation state responsibility wrongful acts compensation damages restitution restitutio...

...This chapter analyses the function of compensation and damages in international investment disputes. It shows that compensation upon expropriation serves a different function than damages after an unlawful act, be it breach of a treaty, such as a BIT, or a contract. While the former aims...

...OXFORD INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION SERIES Series Editor: Loukas Mistelis Professor of Transnational Commercial Law and Arbitration, Queen Mary, University of London CALCULATION OF COMPENSATION AND DAMAGES IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW OXFORD INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION SERIES Series Editor: Loukas...

...This chapter describes Article 10 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which protects the right to “compensation” for persons convicted as a result of a miscarriage of justice. While Article 8 protects the right to a fair trial, the drafters of the Convention have chosen to devote...

... comply with measures of pecuniary reparation if the victims who were dismissed from their positions as judges in violation of their human rights cannot be reinstated in their function, ⁸⁴ and pay them compensation for the duration of the dismissal without salaries; ⁸⁵ and it must...