... in the prosecution of international crimes, and some of the challenges faced by international criminal courts and tribunals in fulfilling their mandates. Heads of State history of international law Nuremberg Trials Germany Japan Tokyo war trials Yugoslavia general principles of law international criminal law...

... in enforcing this international legal framework, including international courts (international criminal courts in particular), and international organizations, governmental as well as non-governmental. Although this chapter has not gone into detail about the role states play in protecting cultural heritage...

...International Criminal Court War crimes Armed conflict, international Armed conflict, non-international Torture Hostage taking Rape and sexual violence Child soldiers Armed conflict Belligerence Abril-Stoffels, R. , ‘ From Bagdad to Guantanamo. Legal Statute and Treatment Given...

...United Nations Security Council International Criminal Court Aggression Alexander, L. , and Kessler Ferzan, K. , Crime and Culpability—A Theory of Criminal Law (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009 ); Ambos, K. , ‘Some Preliminary Reflections...

... does not prohibit universal jurisdiction. It would be absurd to read the Rome Statute in such a way that it limits the jurisdiction for core crimes to either the national State or the territorial State or the International Criminal Court…The Rome Statute does not establish a new legal...

...International Committee of the Red Cross International Institute for the Unification of Private Law United Nations Security Council International Court of Justice International Criminal Court NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) UN Charter UNCLOS (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea...

...International Law Commission United Nations General Assembly United Nations Security Council International Criminal Court Treaties, entry into force Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Treaties, reservations and declarations Treaties, amendments and modification Aggression Prosecution...

...International Law Commission United Nations Security Council International Criminal Court Jurisdiction Customary international law Travaux préparatoires Erga omnes obligations Opinio juris Sovereignty Jurisdiction of states, universality principle Article 12—one of the cornerstone...

...International Law Commission United Nations General Assembly International Criminal Court International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Individual criminal responsibility Genocide Mens rea Responsibility of individuals Responsibility...

...International Criminal Court International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Customary international law Codification Actus reus Mens rea War crimes The concept of command or better superior responsibility ¹ makes the superior...

... the nexus between an international criminal court and the Draft Code of Crimes, thereby disposing of the argument that the draft code cannot be concluded without a court and that a court cannot be implemented without the code’. ³⁶ While Article 20 of the final project included, among the crimes...

...Select Bibliography M. Wladimiroff , ‘ The Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić, Presentation ’, 13 American University International Law Review ( 1998 ) 1447; S. Kay, QC , ‘ The International Criminal Court from the Perspective of Defence Counsel ’, The Reformer...

....), Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Observers’ Notes, Article by Article (1999) . ² Cf. Arts. 9 and 14 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR); Art. 14(6) ICCPR, ‘When a person has by a final decision been convicted of a criminal...

... in the International Criminal Court Statute ’, 6 European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice ( 1998 ) 442; F. Mosconi and N. Parisi , ‘ Co-operation between International Criminal Court and States Parties ’, in F. Lattanzi (ed.), The International Criminal...

...Select Bibliography GENERAL LITERATURE V. Maugham , U.N.O. and War Crimes ( 1951 ); B. Ferencz , An International Criminal Court: A Step Toward World Peace—A Documentary History and Analysis, Vol. II. The Beginning of Wisdom ( 1980...

...Select Bibliography B. Broomhall , ‘ The International Criminal Court: A Checklist for National Implementation ’ ICC Ratification and National Implementing Legislation, 13 Ouater Nouvelles Études Pénales ( 1999 ) 113; H. Duffy and J. Huston...

...Select Bibliography G. Hafner  et al., ‘ A Response to the American View as Presented by Ruth Wedgwood ’, 10 EJIL ( 1999 ) 108; D. J. Scheffer , ‘ The United States and the International Criminal Court ’, 93 AJIL ( 1999 ) 12; R...

... of fair trials. This is far from being the case. Thus, by transcending national sovereignty, only an international criminal court endowed with effective power and composed of judges independent from States can ensure the punishment of those guilty of crimes against humanity. A reply to this demand has...

...International Criminal Court Judges International courts and tribunals, decisions 1 . The President and the First and Second Vice-Presidents shall be elected by an absolute majority of the judges. They shall each serve for a term of three years or until the end of their respective terms...

...International Criminal Court Jurisdiction International courts and tribunals, powers Prosecutors 1 .   The Office of the Prosecutor shall act independently as a separate organ of the Court. It shall be responsible for receiving referrals and any substantiated information on crimes within...