Human Rights: Between Idealism and Realism, Third Edition
Contents
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I Human Rights and the Rise of the State in Europe I Human Rights and the Rise of the State in Europe
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II International Protection of Human Rights: A Latecomer in History II International Protection of Human Rights: A Latecomer in History
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III From the Sixteenth Century to 1776 III From the Sixteenth Century to 1776
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A. Protection of human beings by denial of human rights A. Protection of human beings by denial of human rights
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B. Protection of human beings by recognition of human rights B. Protection of human beings by recognition of human rights
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IV From 1776 to 1914 IV From 1776 to 1914
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A. Human rights in national constitutional texts A. Human rights in national constitutional texts
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B. Abolition of the slave trade B. Abolition of the slave trade
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C. Humanitarian law C. Humanitarian law
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D. No general guarantees of human rights D. No general guarantees of human rights
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V Between the Two World Wars V Between the Two World Wars
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A. Mandate system of the League of Nations A. Mandate system of the League of Nations
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B. International protection of minorities B. International protection of minorities
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C. Objectives of the International Labour Organization C. Objectives of the International Labour Organization
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D. Legal doctrine D. Legal doctrine
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VI The Great Leap Forward: 1945 VI The Great Leap Forward: 1945
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2 History of Human Rights
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Published:01 September 2014
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Extract
Human Rights and the Rise of the State in Europe
Whenever the student probes into the history of human communities, they will find certain mechanisms designed to protect individuals from violations of their rights. Systems of governance are generally based on reciprocity of protection and loyalty. Human beings, aware of the necessity to maintain and defend themselves in inimical surroundings, have invariably established structures of governance believing that those entrusted with a leadership role will protect individuals under their command. This has also been one of the constant themes of state philosophy. How can the function of a ruler be justified, and why is a ruler entitled to require compliance with his orders? Ethnological studies progressively reveal that humankind has created the most diverse systems of governance since it developed the capacity to organize large collective entities with a separation of functions among its members. The language of human rights is of recent origin but their functional equivalents have, to a greater or lesser extent, always existed.1
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