... Bell v Twombly 2007 heuristics Supreme Court US notice pleading Title VII decision heuristics Losers' Rules pro-defendant outcomes judges Title VII summary judgment employment discrimination asymmetric decision-making Each year, the United States District Court for the District...

...This chapter focuses on the last testifying witness: the defendant. Unlike other witnesses in the sexual assault trial, defendants are not compelled to testify. When they did testify or when someone spoke on their behalf in sentencing hearings, the cultural narratives of race and class intertwined...

...This chapter examines the role of race in criminal trials. The role of defendant race in criminal case adjudication is strongly contested. Since the early twentieth century, criminologists have debated the existence of racially discriminatory case processing practices and the potential...

... plaintiffs and defendants), the fundamentals of a civil action, and the overall volume of civil litigation across different types of cases, including contract, tort, and others. In addition to offering an overview of civil litigation, this chapter also emphasizes the need for a shared understanding of what...