...This chapter explores some key moments in the early history of computing in the United States and introduces a number of ways of making sense of those contexts out of which the meanings of computer communication have emerged. Starting around 1960, it looks at the beginnings of the shift from...

...This chapter discusses how in the decade following the release of WarGames, computing became a more common activity, which led to more networking. It illustrates how computer networking emerged as a symbol of national economic power and productivity. Throughout the mid- to late...

...This chapter looks at how the initial discoveries of the playful possibilities of computing were seized upon in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the wake of 1960s counterculture, approaches to computing that loosened the connection between means and ends—that allowed play—helped create...

... by a rearticulation of the romantic construction of computing through a retelling of the story of computer-programming-as-art that situated the narrative against, rather than for, the commodification of code. The effect of Eric Raymond's “Cathedral and Bazaar” essay and the spread of the rhetoric of open source...

.... This story begins in the 1980s when understandings of the Internet hinged largely on understandings of the still relatively new phenomenon of computing. As Internet use began to skyrocket news media, popular culture, and policymakers tried to make sense of the technology as it merged into a site...

.... After the midpoint of the twentieth century, EJ closed due to the rise of the service and information economy. The chapter then describes the emergence of IBM in Endicott, highlighting how the company created some of the earliest computing technologies that set off the “third industrial revolution...

...China’s defense capabilities are growing both in quantity and in technological sophistication. China’s leaders design their force structure to deal with the US and to target American weaknesses. China is thus emphasizing artificial intelligence, cloud computing, real time identification, and those...