..., such as the Black Panthers, Brown Berets, imagined the meaning of safety that rested on community control of the police. Yet the LAPD responded to these movements by framing them as a threat to order to justify increased officer discretion to harass, arrest, and repress. This cut short the possibility...

...This chapter examines the movement for community control that developed in Chicago during the 1960s and 1970s. Students, parents, and community organizations pursued community control of schools through citywide educational conferences, Black Power organizing, student protests, and in the Woodlawn...

... students, parents, educators, and community groups began advocating for alternatives to desegregation, including community control of schools. Black Belt community employment discrimination Great Migration neighborhood schools Wendell Phillips High School redlining segregation Simpson Rosie South...

...In the late 1960s, at the peak of the Puerto Rican- and Black-led community control movement, United Bronx Parents, an organization of mostly immigrant mothers, launched the city’s first sustained grassroots campaign to improve school lunch. This chapter explores the tenets of community control...

... CPD officers seeking to end police brutality and ensure better police services for Black Chicago. It included U.S. Congressman Ralph Metcalfe using the power of his office to expose police violence and harassment, and the fight for community control of the police led by the Black Panthers. Some...

... and new guard eventually transformed the organization and its objectives and helped facilitate the IABPFF, a national Black caucus group formed to combat discrimination and increase Black representation in — and community control of — urban fire departments. Both the IABPFF and the Vulcan Society embraced...

.... D.C. gained a measure of local power for the first time in nearly a century, and Washingtonians of all races – including a growing Hispanic community in the Adams Morgan/Mount Pleasant neighborhoods – pushed for self-determination, community control, and participatory democracy. The transformation...

... between teachers’ unions and the Democratic Party. This book recovers the hidden history underlying this battle. It tells the story of Black education reformers’ community-based strategies to improve education beginning during the 1960s, as support for desegregation transformed into community control...