... enslavement in West Africa in the eighteenth century through emancipation during the Haitian Revolution in the 1790s to emigration to Cuba, Louisiana, France, and Belgium in the nineteenth century. Tracing the social networks that sustained these people as they moved and identifying the experiences...

...This chapter examines baking in the South during the last days of colonial rule in the eighteenth century. Wheat growing and milling expanded. As the number of African enslaved people working in Europeans' kitchens grew, they learned new ways of baking. Oven technology continued to evolve alongside...

...This chapter examines baking in the antebellum South. Corn remained a staple food for many, especially the enslaved, but wheat cultivation spread with Anglo colonization. Mechanized mills created economies of scale, and wheat flour became cheaper. The spread of cookstoves changed baking technology...

...The tension between antislavery sentiment in France and an expanding demand for enslaved laborers in its colonies profoundly shaped the culture and practice of slavery in the seventeenth-century French Atlantic. Unlike the Indians they would encounter in the Pays d'en Haut, the French drew a sharp...

... Elijah Wilson Oscar Henrico County Va Nashville Tenn Bowser James Napier William C Pugh William enslaved people Natchez Miss slavery escape from Christoph Mrs Clifton James William Johnson Catharine Geraldine Metoyer alias Lewis John Metoyer John B Metoyer Louis Metoyer Mrs John Baptiste...

... by means of the voluntary enslavement law, which allowed free blacks to enslave themselves in a complicated process that involved selecting their own master. Re-enslavement, however, is only a small part of the overall narrative of freed blacks in the upper South. Men and women in the mid-nineteenth...

...This chapter follows the story of Willis and Andrew Doswell—two freed blacks who petitioned for re-enslavement, after appearing in court, the result of allegations of illegal residency in Virginia, and the implications their story holds for the larger history of Virginia's state legislature. Under...

...This chapter tells the story of Watkins (Watt) Leigh Love, an influential man who had gotten his start as the barber of Boydton and then amassed a small fortune as a self-enslaved entrepreneur. Like many black leaders who rose to prominence in the state during Reconstruction, Watt Love was wealthy...

..., free people of color, and enslaved African Americans all possessed irreconcilable definitions of nationhood?In this sweeping history of political ideas, Andrew F. Lang reappraises the Civil War era as a crisis of American exceptionalism. Through this lens, Lang shows how the intellectual, political...

... is known about their precise status during the next twenty years. Between 1640 and 1660 there is evidence of enslavement, and after 1660 slavery crystallized on the statute books of Maryland, Virginia, and other colonies. By 1700 when African Negroes began flooding into English America they were treated...

... devastating impact on Africa. In particular, it looks at how the European powers imposed on Africa the financial cost, destruction, social disorganization, demoralization, and population loss caused by warfare and kidnapping Africans for enslavement. —Moors Arabs in Spain Bulgarians Islam Mediterranean...

...This chapter focuses on the problem of the enslavement of huffāẓ (keepers) of the Qurʾan in Senegambia from the 1770s to the onset of French colonial rule in the 1880s. With clerics understood as embodied exemplars of the Book, such episodes of enslavement were not understood...

...This chapter examines the varying implications of state-sanctioned freedom and self-enslavement for blacks in antebellum Virginia, and explores the ways in which these impacted their families, communities, and opportunities as free citizens. Though free people of color in the antebellum South were...

... among Virginians, white and black alike, albeit for varying reasons, yet the prospect of freedom itself could incur too high a cost to render it a condition more favorable than that of enslavement. Often, self-enslavement becsme a last resort for African Americans who refused to leave their families...

...This chapter examines baking during the expansion of European immigration in the South in the seventeenth century and the arrival of enslaved Africans, creating racial tension among Native Americans and the newcomers. Europeans imported milling technology as well as wheat agriculture and other...

...In 1723, on behalf of a community of mixed-race colonists enslaved in Virginia, an anonymous Black writer penned a letter to Bishop Edmund Gibson of the Anglican Church in England. In the letter, the enslaved colonists petition the bishop to help them secure their freedom. The letter expresses...

... substitutions sometimes made baked goods available. Southerners used baked goods to show their loyalty to the Confederacy. Areas occupied by the Union benefited from increased supplies and more customers to purchase bread and sweets from bakeries, but formerly enslaved people fared very poorly with food...

... activism. The Westons considered enslavement as not only a physical but also a mental process that affected anyone who could not exercise his or her own will for lack of self-mastery, whether due to drink, greed, lust, cruelty, or laziness. Boston Female Anti Slavery Society BFAS —antislavery Dresser...

...Using archaeology, ritual, and linguistics to supplement the observations of captives and other colonists, this chapter attempts to trace the contours of indigenous slavery among the central Algonquian and Siouan peoples of the Pays d'en Haut. These sources can show patterns of enslavement...

...This chapter outlines the major phases of the slave trade in relation to colonization and the evolution of the institution of slavery. Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Christian Western Hemisphere relied on the enslavement of Africans, and as a result, tens of thousands of men...