... of the population. Working populations thus had to exercise their new-found sovereignty in isolation and began creating a counter-plantation system that compensated for Haiti’s isolation from capitalist investment and production. Yet the even as the Haitian oligarchs used the same models of imperial culture...

...-plantation system. Derived from Caribbean political and cultural practices, the counter-plantation encompassed consistent reliance on small-scale landholding. Casimir shows how lakou, small plots of land often inhabited by generations of the same family, were and continue to be sites...