... widespread anti-Americanism in Western Europe. The French and Italian Communists privileged cultural resistance because they recognized that their leverage was strongest on those issues. By the late 1940s, however, both the Communists and the Americans had come to realize that culture was the most elusive...

...This chapter shows how the radicalism and optimism of the 1960s gave way to anxiety. Most radicals, it has been widely recognized, “abandoned ‘the Revolution’ and worried instead about their job prospects.” This retrenchment did not necessarily mean a loss for the Communists, who still profited...

... Agrarian Reform Law. Prieto, on the other hand, found Caballero's collaboration with the Communists extremely dangerous. Caballero's revolutionary stance would widen the already irreconcilable divisions within the Socialist party. Anarchists Azaña Manuel left Republican premier later president of Republic...

..., the Communist party had had to camouflage and distort the true nature of the Revolution in order to secure its place as a ruling party among the left. Moreover, the underlying differences between the Communists and Socialists were thrown into sharp focus during the outbreak of the Revolution. In light...

...This chapter discusses Communist efforts to engulf the Socialist movement. At the outbreak of the Revolution, the Socialists were likely the strongest force in the capital and in Old and New Castile. However, they were soon undermined by open and secret defections to the Communist party, as well...

...This chapter focuses on Dr. Juan Negrín, the minister of finance, and Julio Alvarez del Vayo, the foreign minister, as the central figures in the Communists' influence over the government. Alvarez del Vayo in particular was a trusted adviser to Largo Caballero during the early months of the Civil...

...This chapter outlines the arguments created and challenges faced by the Communist party for a bourgeois-democratic revolution, particularly in opposition to the CNT's plans for the libertarian socialization of industry. Socialization would impinge upon the property of the middle classes, whose...

...This chapter discusses the Communist efforts to win Carlos de Baráibar, a member of Largo Caballero's inner circle who succeeded General Asensio in the undersecretaryship of war, to their side; as well as the crisis resulting from Alvarez del Vayo's appointment of Communists into the commissariat...

...This chapter examines how the Communists attempted to thwart Prieto and to bolster its position by seeking a temporary accommodation with the CNT. Their efforts were driven by the need to occupy the highest positions available, and in doing so they not only had to balance one rival faction against...

... resistance in the conflict. The mood of the army generals in the central-southern zone was no less defeatist. Moreover, Communist influence in the area was waning, even before the fall of Catalonia. This backdrop of political decline and dissolution, as well as later events such as the international...

.... For various pragmatic reasons, and given the futility of further resistance, Casado decided that he might as well proceed on his own to tackle the difficulties of negotiating with Franco, and spare the Communists any further trouble. However, his handling of the Casado situation would eventually be used...

...This chapter chronicles the decline of Communist-led rural movement in Alabama. The decline cannot be attributed solely to changes in the Party's line or a conspiracy to liquidate the militant sharecroppers' movement. Perhaps if the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers...

...This chapter examines the Democratic Front in Alabama. By late 1937, Birmingham became the only sustained center of Party Activity in the state. Communist leaders increased their efforts to attract progressive urban elites, especially white liberals, but failed to achieve their goal of attaining...

...This chapter discusses the Dies Committee and the large espionage operation built in the United States in the 1930s. The Dies Committee, whose aim was to root out Communists, functioned like the FBI of World War I era, depending heavily on freelance antiradicals for intelligence. J. Edgar Hoover's...

...This chapter describes how the origins of Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Party occasioned heated debate among political partisans throughout the presidential campaign. They remain a topic of some controversy. Beginning in 1948, critics of the Progressive Party contended that the Communists...

...By the time 1959 arrived, Afro-Cuban activists, who had used a variety of tactics to fight for racial equality in the Cuban republic, interacted with the new government from three primary (physical and/or other ideological) spaces: black and mulato social clubs, black communists...

... in illegal activities and refused to cooperate with all the president’s requests for surveillance and investigation of American dissidents. This chapter outlines the background of Hoover’s preemptive surveillance and counterintelligence programs (COINTELPROs) on Communists, the Black Power movement...

...This chapter describes the Polish communists' learning experiences on the Eastern front in 1943–45. With Stalin's support, they sought to create a center of power that would rival the political and military forces loyal to the Polish government in London. Stalin saw that a Soviet-sponsored Polish...

...This chapter shows how Soviet cultural interventions, increasingly aggressive and insensitive to Polish conditions, alienated even those Polish communists and cultural figures who were Stalin's most loyal allies. Developments in the USSR and Poland's forced transformations of 1948–54 affected...

...Chapter 2 examines Cuban responses to Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, focusing on Communists and people of African descent. Distinctions between the two groups as well as their overlap introduce the diversity of Cuban antifascism. The chapter analyses the impact of shifting Comintern...