
Contents
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Part One: The Expansion of the Border Part One: The Expansion of the Border
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Bracero Program, 1942–1964 Bracero Program, 1942–1964
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Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986
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Putting Control on the Border, 1994 Putting Control on the Border, 1994
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Migration as a National Security Threat, 2001 Migration as a National Security Threat, 2001
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Part Two: The Violence of the Border, from the Jungle to the Desert Part Two: The Violence of the Border, from the Jungle to the Desert
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Southern Border of Mexico: “They Treat Us like Dogs” Southern Border of Mexico: “They Treat Us like Dogs”
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Veracruz: Kidnapping and Forced Disappearances Veracruz: Kidnapping and Forced Disappearances
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Northern Border of Mexico: The Wait Northern Border of Mexico: The Wait
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U.S.-Mexico Border: Death in the Desert U.S.-Mexico Border: Death in the Desert
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Notes Notes
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14 Keep Them Out! Border Enforcement and Violence since 1986
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Published:July 2022
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Abstract
Alejandra Díaz de León explores the relationship between violence and border enforcement against illegal immigration. In the years before the US Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986, it was relatively easy for Mexican and central American migrants to cross into the United States without documentation. IRCA, however, greatly increased policing and restrictions on movement along the border. Those restrictions, in turn, pushed the flow of migration into more remote, desolate, and dangerous portions of the border. The result was a steep rise in the number of migrant deaths and greater vulnerability of the migrants to extortion, kidnapping, forced recruitment and other abuses in the hands of operatives of criminal organizations and agents of the border patrol. Migrants from Central America (who traverse Mexico on their way to the United States) have become even more vulnerable since the early 1990s, when the Mexican government began cooperating with the United States to halt these movements, subjecting Central Americans to similar problems and exploitation in both countries. As such, violence associated with the US-Mexico boundary spreads well beyond the border itself – reaching as far south as Mexico’s line with Guatemala.
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