
Contents
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Cultural Currents Cultural Currents
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Protestants, Francis, and History Protestants, Francis, and History
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Travel and Art Travel and Art
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Literature and Spirituality Literature and Spirituality
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Sabatier and Beyond Sabatier and Beyond
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Emerging Pictures Emerging Pictures
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One The Nineteenth Century: A Protestant Catholic and Catholic Protestants
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Published:October 2015
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Abstract
This chapter explains how Francis became familiar to American non-Catholics during the second half of the nineteenth century. It lays out contextual factors and broad cultural currents, most notably antimodernism and Protestants' ambivalent attraction to Catholicism. It then argues that Americans encountered Francis through the culturally significant channels of history, travel, art, and literature. It traces these encounters through landmark works and popular discussion. This chapter also traces the shifting images of Francis, as proto-Protestant, poet, artistic inspiration, image of Jesus, common man, and individualist. It concludes with a discussion of Paul Sabatier's 1893 biography, which associated Francis with social, economic, and religious critique. This text built on earlier work and set the tone for the twentieth century.
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