...This chapter analyzes some special verbs, that is, verbs that do not have a subject. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 3.1 looks at a central structural property of natural languages, involving a special type of syntactic movement called “raising.” Section 3.2 analyzes the verb...

...Chomsky showed that no description of natural language syntax would be adequate without some notion of movement operations in a syntactic derivation. It now seems likely that such movement transformations are formally simple operations, in which a single phrase is displaced from its original...

...A number of asymmetries exist between and among the scope-taking possibilities for universal and existential nominals in interaction with natural language syntax that make it difficult to capture quantifier-scope phenomena in terms of uniform operations over generalized quantifiers...

...This book offers an empirical analysis of word meaning and word use in language, with an emphasis on the lexicon, and argues that anyone (or any machine) acquiring a natural language needs to be competent in not one, but two, interlinked systems of rule-governed behavior. It illustrates how people...

..., the Extension Condition, the Head Movement Constraint, the Minimal Distance Principle, the Minimal Link Condition, and the Minimality Condition. This chapter examines English object structure and certain aspects of English grammar. It discusses foundational assumptions about natural language grammar and syntax...

...The alternative approach to argument structure proposed in this book implies that the syntactic system of natural language is remarkably simple, comprised of a reasonably small number of universal syntactic categories. These syntactic categories, some of which may be optional, merge with lexical...

..., and certain enterprises in language-based descriptive metaphysics are criticised, namely enterprises that pretends to discover something about metaphysical entities by citing natural language analyses. It is argued that at least in case of technical philosophical terms like ‘fact’, ‘proposition’, ‘event...

...Computational linguists and psycholinguists show little interest in the formal semantics of quantification, even though quantifiers and other scoping elements play an important role in human and computational natural language processing. Quantifiers, along with negation and other categories...

...; argumentation that raises further questions; polemical argumentation; speculational argumentation; coalitions of arguments working in harmony; making the same point in different ways; analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic factors; selective and formative argumentation; and reflecting natural language in logic...

...This introductory chapter sets out the book’s purpose, which is to present a new account of meaning for natural language. The account has three levels. At the first level the account is a theory, at the second a framework, and at the third a paradigm. The paradigm embodies the leading idea...

...The central type of circumstance considered throughout this book is a situation with two persons Alan and Barbara, A and B, engaged in some activity, with A uttering a natural language sentence φ in order to convey some information...

... in a natural language.” The chapter considers the markedness module, a component of the proposed architecture containing all the interface properties between the phonology and the sensorimotor processes external to the phonology proper. It also discusses the notion of REPAIR and its interaction with markedness...

.... It also discusses the importance of vagueness and redundancy in natural language processing, Ockham's razor, incompatible components of the meaning of nouns, and meaning events and meaning potentials. Atkins B T S Compositionality Frege Gottlob Kilgarriff Adam Nida Eugene Propositions Ayer Alfred...

... syntax, and discussed the exploitation of regular patterns of word use as one of the design features of natural language. The book has discussed the theory of norms and exploitations in relation to lexicography and corpus linguistics, practical applications of linguistic theory, and word meaning...

...This chapter focuses on the nature of syntactic computations and current syntactic models, including “Principles and Parameters” and Minimalist models. It first considers the expression of the open-ended character of natural language syntax before turning to Minimalism, which has introduced...

..., reconstruction and successive cyclicity effects, resumptive pronouns and their impact on syntactic theory, the properties of a range of headed relative-clause constructions in Swiss German, ellipsis phenomena in natural language, the descriptive problems of reduplication, and the notion of contrast in phonology...

...Ellipsis phenomena in natural language involve instances of meaning without sound as they do, and their interpretation requires the presence of some covert structure. The central issue for a theory of ellipsis is to determine how this structure is constructed. Within generative grammar, two...

..., understanding natural language, recognizing objects in visual scenes, planning courses of action, and playing strategic games. The material is presented with minimal technicalities and is accessible to undergraduate students with no specialized knowledge or technical background beyond high school mathematics...

...This chapter describes the detailed relationship software and language; it states that software processes the natural language and constructs in programming languages. The chapter explores the in-depth analysis of software implementation languages and software written languages, and provides...

...Source code is a set of human readable computer commands written in high-level programming languages. It also shares some of the parameters of the natural language concept. This chapter starts with a source code program and explains the principle and concept of source code; it also describes...